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PROBABILITY:
fraction or proportion of all the possible outcomes; the…
PROBABILITY:
fraction or proportion of all the possible outcomes; the likelihood that something will happen
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RANDOM SAMPLING: requires that each individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.
INDEPENDENT RANDOM SAMPLING: if more than one individual is being selected, the probabilities must stay constant from one selection to the next.
INDEPENDENT:
the fact that the probability of selecting any particular individual is not influenced by the individuals already selected for the sample
SAMPLING WITH REPLACEMENT:
selection process that returns individuals to the population in order to keep probabilities from changing
RANDOM SAMPLING WITH REPLACEMENT:
independent random sampling, random sampling that requires equal chance of selection and constant probabilities
RANDOM SAMPLING WITHOUT REPLACEMENT: random sampling without the requirement of constant probabilities
TWO REQUIREMENTS FOR RANDOM SAMPLE:*
Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. When more than one individual is being selected, the probabilities must stay constant. This means there must be sampling with replacement.
UNIT NORMAL TABLE:
list of proportions of the normal distribution for a full range of possible z-score values
THE BODY:
corresponds to the larger part of the distribution whether it is on the right-hand or left-hand side
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**NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS: For normal distributions, probabilities (proportions) can be found in the unit normal table
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FOURTH COLUMN: identifies the proportion of the distribution that is located between the mean and the z-score.
PERCENTILE RANK:
the percentage of individuals in the distribution with scores at or below that particular score.
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FOUNDATION FOR INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: Probability forms a direct link between samples and the populations from which they come. As we noted at the beginning of this chapter, this link is the foundation for the inferential statistics
PROBABILITY FORMULA: probability of a particular event A is defined as a fraction or proportion: p(A) = number of outcomes classified as A / total number of possible outcomes
POSSIBLE OUTCOMES:
All of the individual results or events that could potentially occur when conducting an experiment, trial, or random event.
WAYS TO EXPRESS PROBABILITY: probability can be expressed as fractions, equally well as either decimals or percentages:
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: the branch of statistics that uses sample data to make conclusions, predictions, or generalizations about a larger population.
POPULATION:
The entire group or set of all individuals, objects, or measurements that you're interested in studying.
SAMPLE: A subset or smaller group selected from the population that is actually observed and measured.