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Topic 5 Changes in family patterns- Parents and children - Coggle Diagram
Topic 5 Changes in family patterns- Parents and children
Child Bearing
47% children are born outside of the marriage this is twice as many as 1986. In most cases the parents are cohabitating
Women are having children later the average age in between 1971 and 2019 rose by 4 years to 30.7
Women are having fewer children from an average of 2.94 to 1.94 in 2010
Reasons
Decline in stigma and increase in cohabitation. Only 28% of 23-34 now think marriage should come before parenthood
Women now have more options than just motherhood. May seek a career before starting a family
Lone Parent Families
Now make up 22% of all families
90% are headed by lone mothers. They used to be made up of divorced mothers however from early 90s more are mothers who have never been married
Child living with lone parent is twice as lively to be in poverty
Reasons
Due to the rise in divorce and women who have never been married having children
Lone parents are normally headed by women due to the nature, custodial arrangements and fathers less willing
Some women are single by choice and don't want to marry or want to limit fathers involvement
Murray: Due to welfare state and overgenerous welfare state which provides benefits. Has created perverse incentives which is rewarding for irresponsible behaviour
Step Families
Over 10% of all families and 85% of the time the children are from mothers previous relationships. 11% there is at least one child from the fathers previous relationship and 4% are from both
Ferri and Smith: stepfamilies are very similar to first families such as childcare but at a greater risk of poverty
Allan and Crow: May face difficulties with divided loyalty's and issues with contact with non resident parent
Reasons
Increase due to the number of lone parents because of divorce and separation
More children in stepfamilies are from the mother because children are more likely to remain with her
Greater risk of poverty due to more children and because the stepfather may have to support from previous relationships
Ethnic Differences in family: Black families
There are a high proportion of lone parent households may be due to high levels of unemployment among black males
Possibly because patterns set in slavery are still in place today
Mirza: the high rate of lone families also reflect the high value that black women place on independents
Asian Families
South Asian families tend to be larger and contain 3 generations this could be due to younger ages or due to values placed on extended families
Especially in migration Ballard said that extended families provide a lot of support during migration for Asian families
Now they are less likely to live together but will still be close by
Extended Families
The extended family has declined but not disappeared. Willmott argues that extended families exists as disperated extended family which is geographically distance by maintain contact
Beanpole family: Brannen argues this is a type of long and thin family. Its extended vertically so grandparents and parents but not horizontally so no aunts or cousins . Contact between mothers and daughters are frequent
May be possible due to increase in life expectancy and smaller family sizes
Obligations to relatives: Many feel obligated to help extended families. Finch and Mason found that 90% of people have given or received financial help and half had cared for a sick relative
More is expected of women than men. Daughters are more likely to help care for sick mothers than sons. Sons are more expected to give money