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REFERENCE - Coggle Diagram
REFERENCE
Determiners
Demonstrative Determiners
Indicate proximity or distance.
Examples
This
That
These
Those
Possessive Determiners
Express relationships or possession.
Examples
My book
Your friend
Our school
Quantifiers
Express amount or quantity.
Examples
One
Five
Several
Many
Definite Determiner
Used when the referent is identifiable.
Examples
The book
The teacher
Indefinite Determiners
Used when the referent is not specifically identified.
Examples
A book
Some students
Extension and Intension
Extension
The set of all entities a lexeme can denote.
Example
Dog
Collies
Dalmatians
Dachshunds
Mixed-breed dogs
Intension
The set of characteristics shared by all members of a category.
Example
Lake
Body of water
Surrounded by land
Has a certain size
Relationship
Extension may change.
Intension usually remains stable.
Ways of Referring
Proper Names
Unique reference.
Examples
Barbara Collins
Lake Ontario
Pronouns
Examples
He
She
They
It
Noun Phrases
Examples
That broom in the corner
Your home
Some questions
Types of Referents
A. Unique and Non-Unique Referents
Fixed Reference
Always refers to the same entity.
Examples
Lake Ontario
Japan
Shakespeare
Concrete and Abstract Referents
Concrete Referents
Can be perceived through the senses.
Examples
Dog
Door
Leaf
Stone
Countable and Non-Countable Referents
Countable
Can be counted individually.
Examples
Apple
Coin
Pen
Idea
Referring Expressions
Characteristics
A referring expression is not the referent itself.
There is no natural connection between a word and its referent.
A referring expression may exist without a real referent.
Different expressions may refer to the same entity.
Examples
Robert Blair
The husband of Mildred Stone Blair
The father of Patrick and Robin Blair
Anaphora
Reference to something mentioned before.
Example:Jack and Jill moved the box. They pushed it onto the shelf.
Types:
Pronouns (he, she, it, they)
Repetition (painting → painting)
Synonyms (painting → picture)
Superordinates (painting → work of art)
Types of Reference
.
Generic: refers to a whole category (Dogs make fine pets).
Specific: refers to a particular entity (We have a dog).
Non-Specific: refers to any member of a category (We'd like to have a dog).
Definite: the referent is identifiable (The baby is sleeping).
Indefinite: the referent is not specifically identified (I bought a book).
Deixis
Words whose meaning depends on context.
Personal: I, You, We
Spatial: Here, There, This, That
Temporal: Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Now