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Post WW2 - Coggle Diagram
Post WW2
modern day amateurism/professionalism
professionalism
now respected for talents
higher rewards - media and sponsorship
all classes can compete - no social barrier to participation
more time to train so higher standards of performance
huge growth of professional sport
celebrity status/role models (media) motivates participation
amateurism
blurred line between amateurism and professionalism due to more equality
still evident in fair play, sportsmanship
still relevant
still viewed positively and promoted
tennis
rationalisation and development of lawn tennis
walls and hedges ensured privacy from the working class
1877 - All England Croquet Club renamed with lawn tennis and it was first played at Wimbledon
it had set rules and suited middle class housing (lawns)
middle class had organisational skills to form their own clubs
1874 - Major Walter Clopton Wingfield patented a version of tennis
and they had funding to buy their own equipment
so created their own version - lawn tennis
Wingfield sold a kit with net, balls, racquets and poles for net which also contained a rulebook to standardise the sport
middle class wanted to be like the upper class but were excluded from real tennis
eventually spread to working class in public parks
was important in the emancipation of women
seclusion and privacy of own gardens
'minimal exercise' sport so could dress modestly
more female role models (Lottie Dodd won 5 ladies singles)
'not too vigorous' so didn't sweat which was unladylike
1884 - women were first allowed to participate helping to overcome stereotypes
both males and females could play - 'social game'
modern day development of lawn tennis
1968 - Open era - all players could compete in tournaments
tennis still perceived as 'middle-class' sport
4 majors but were only available to amateurs
1968 - during Open era - noticed large pay gap between men and women
players learnt they could earn alot of money
2007 - WTA fought for and achieved equal prize money
spread across the world
emergence of elite female tennis players
whilst battling pay they developed their own circuit
allowing females to get to a top level
WTA shows large impact of women on tennis
Billie Jean King was the first female earning £100,000 in a year
lots of role models, sponsorship and media
athletics
rationalisation and development of track and field athletics
1866 - AAC formed from public school gentleman amateurs
they excluded the working class
class divisions were evident
brought respectability to athletics emphasising fair play, no wagering
wagering was common
1880 - AAA established - removed exclusion so it was open for all
large numbers of spectators
except women were still excluded (unladylike, not appropriate dress)
walking and running races
1922 - women's AAA was founded
athletics was popular in towns and cities with purpose built facilities
1928 - females allowed in some olympic events but not all
modern day development of track and field athletics
governing bodies kept control of payments (only available on retirement)
no longer trust funds - payment is direct to athlete under rules of AAA
'Trust Funds' established enabled financial rewards
IAAF established major international competitions
1948 - interest stimulated when london olympics
large spectators, commercialisation
emergence of elite female athletes
masculinity and femininity in power lifting events
lack of media coverage and role models
false claims about long distance running affecting fertility
until recently this affected participation in olympic athletics
access to full range of events was limited due to myths and stereotypes
negative myths and stereotypes are still being challenged and overcome in modern day
football
rationalisation and development of association football
transport - trains
social class links - middle class influence gave respectability
disposable income - higher wages to working class so could afford to take part and travel
highly structured and codified
more free time - saturday half day
1863 - ex public school boys set up FA - more controlled and less violent
urbanisation - large audiences, purpose built facilities
development of modern day association footbal
1900 - max wage was £4 a week and slow to increase
1961 - Jimmy Hill fought for abolition of max wage
football popularity soared in Britain but wages didn't reflect this due to 'maximum wage' constraining earnings
footballers wages started to increase
more recently huge growth in incomes due to media and sponsorship
emergence of elite female footballers
1991 - WFA set up womens premier league
2004 - BBC broadcasted to 2 million people
1971 - WFA lifted 50 year ban on WF competing on league grounds
2008-2012 - womens super league launched
1969 - WFA founded - developed league structures and promoted participation
2012 - women in olympics
1966 - England hosted World cup - sparking interest
2021 - Barclays signed largest commercial broadcasting for womens football