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Recent Eruptions - Coggle Diagram
Recent Eruptions
Cumbre Vieja La Palma 2021
Monitoring
Thousands of small earthquakes were recorded
Seismic swarm sept 2021
Significant ground deformation detected by GPS and SAR
Uplift of 30cm
Determine where ridge would erupt
Increased so2 emissions suggested magma rise
Alert level raised
Satellite remote sensing
Outcomes
7,000 residents evacuated before lava reached homes
No direct deaths from lava flows
Real time lava tracking allowed for appropriate road closures
Economic losses of 1 billion
Fissure locations not accurately predicted
Mental health impacts reported
Sept - Dec 2021
Previously silent for 50 years
Lava flows
1140 lava, very hot and very fluid = dangerous
Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'api 2022
Monitoring was limited
Remote and submarine volcano
Poorly instrumented
Difficult to access physically
Unrest was detected however
Scientists underestimated explosion
Tsunami magnitude
Atmospheric shockwave impacts
Submarine volcanoes remain blind spots in real-time observation
2018 Anak Krakatau
Authorities failed to consider
Flank collapse
Tsunami generation
Monitored focused mainly on typical eruption indicators rather than structural instability
Tsunami killed 400 people
Underestimation of cascading hazards
Tech advances
Improved satellite monitoring to detect
Deformation mapping
Thermal anomalies
So2 plume tracking
Ash cloud observation
Helps with global coverage
Rapid responses
Monitoring inaccessible volcanoes
Machine learning and AI
Automated earthquake classification
Eruption forecasting models
Real-time anomaly detection
Unequal monitoring
Some areas well monitored while others are less
Good
Japan
USA
Iceland
Spain
Bad
DRC
Some parts of Indonesia
Papa New Guinea
Other issues
Unrest not always lead to eruption
Eruption style can shift rapidly
Eruptions cna escalate unexpectedly
Merapi 2020-2021 Indonesia
Highlights lessons learnt from 2010 eruption