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demographics - Coggle Diagram
demographics
BIRTH RATES
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trends
591,000 live births in england and wales in 2023, lowest number since 1977
2022 311,306 live births outside of marriage
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social effects
smaller families mean women don't have to stay at home
- increase in symmetrical families
- less DV
increase of divorce, less reason to stay married
DEATH RATES
decline + reasons
improved nutrition
- inc resistance to infection
- globalisation means these healthy foods are available all year round
med improvements
- NHS means healthcare accessible to all brits
- MCKEOWN public health improvements paired w medical advancements has led to old killer diseases e.g. cholera eradication
public health and environmental improvements
- government passed law to improve better housing, clean air act reduced pollution, pasteurization of milk, purer drinking water
decrease smoking
- HARPER biggest reduction in DR, not med improvements but less people smoking
effects
ageing population, more strain on NHS, dependency ratio
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trends
death rate 1900-2020
- 1900= 1117
- 2007= 925
- 2020= 1016
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AGEING POPULATION
advantages
SPIJKER AND MCINNES
- more 65+ yr olds than under 15s
- not a prob as old people fitter, healthier and more active
- abolishment of enforced retirement means they can contribute to workforce/society longer
LAWTON
- 1 in 10 over 65s are employed (higher than other age brackets)
- paired w improvements in living standards, ageing population are independent and self-sustainable
- contributions of the 'grey pound' overlooked
more social cohesion and community involvement
- more older people are likely to be active members
- 4.9 million over 65s took part in voluntary work or civic engagement activities
- build social networks and community involvements
family support
- increase of both parents in paid work, child support necessary
- role of older generations more crucial
- grandparents provide an average of eight hours of childcare a week (£73)
- hidden contribution to economy
disadvantages
growing dependence and pensioner time bomb
- dependence on welfare state so dependency ratio has increased
- more elderly people who are not working than those contributing to working population
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