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Health System / Care System / Social Welfare System - Coggle Diagram
Health System / Care System / Social Welfare System
Basic Concepts
Health care system (subsystem)
→ Focuses on diagnosis, treatment, prevention of diseases (individual level)
Health promotion system
→ Focuses on population health improvement
Health system
→ All organizations, institutions, resources aimed at improving population health
.
Pressures on Health Systems
Technological advances
•New diseases & knowledge
•Economic globalization
•Demographic changes
Result: Need for reforms
Key Actors
Professionals → doctors, nurses
•Managers → planners, administrators
•Commercial sector → pharma, insurers
•Political actors → government, policymakers
Interaction = cooperation + competition
Regulation Logics
Professional logic → based on expertise & trust
•Technocratic logic → planning, rational decisions
•Market logic → competition, supply & demand
•Democratic logic → citizen participation
Historical Evolution
Phase 1 (→ 1970s)
→ ↑ spending, dominance of professionals
•Phase 2 (→ 1980s)
→ technocratic + market logic
•Phase 3 (→ 1990s–present)
→ crisis → importance of democratic participation
Health System Structure
Inputs
•Resources: human, financial, material
•Health needs/problems
Process
•Health services (care delivery)
Outputs
•Health status of population
Subsystems Influencing Health
Economic
•Social
•Cultural
•Political
•Legal
•Health care system
Health Care System
Mission
•Identify needs
•Set priorities
•Implement health policies
Core Values (WHO)
Quality → good care
•Equity → equal access
•Relevance → priority needs
•Efficiency → best use of resources
Qualities of a Good System
Comprehensiveness
•Accessibility
•Acceptability
•Technical efficiency
•Economic efficiency
•Flexibility
•Evaluability
Organization (4 Components)
Demand → population (patients)
•Supply → providers (doctors, hospitals)
•Financing → insurance, state
•State → regulation
👉 Connected by:
•Money flows
•People flows
•Information flows
Social Welfare Systems
Bismarck Model
Social insurance (workers + employers contributions)
•Mixed public & private care
•Example: Germany, France
Limits: inequality, cost control issues
Beveridge Model
Tax-funded, universal coverage
•Strong public sector
•Example: UK
• Equal access
•Waiting times, rationing
Liberal Model
Private insurance, individual payment
•Example: USA
• Freedom of choice
• Inequality, high costs