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European Politics - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The King's peace: Disorder is a wrong done not just to the community but to the King itself (state)
  - - - Critics: States did not developed everywhere in the world, they serve tasks other than warfighting, and also states were made in Europe by competition with the Church.
      - History of the European state
        
        Roman Empire is divided in 395 CE, eastern is Byzantine. Rome falls, thousand years later Byzantine falls to Ottoman Turks.
        
        Dark Ages remerges as Europe as a blend of the classical cultures (Rome, Greece, Byzantium), Christianity as the prevailing Europe-wide administrative structure), and cultures of the New Peoples (Germanic, Turkic...)
        
        8-9th centuries: State formation, spread of christianity and spheres of influence, revival of trade with the East, rediscovery of learning
        
        Kingship emerges in form, and the Pope's power creates limits on political power. States were quite weak, borders were contested or limited. States compete with parastatal actors (Church, associations of cities) that also collected taxes, created laws, fought wars, etc. The Peace of Westphalia establishes that states are sovereign within their territories.
- - - - Minimalist or procedural criteria: Measuring on the criteria of inclusion and contestation.
        
        Held at known and regular intervals
        
        Based on a universal franchise (most people can run)
        
        Featuring meaningful choice (i.e., multiple parties)
        
        Free from violence, intimidation, or fraud
        
        Ex ante uncertainty: The outcome of the election is not known before it takes place
        
        Ex post irreversibility: that the outcome is not eliminated.
        
        When incumbents lose elections and step down when they do.
      - Liberal criteria: Electoral procedures are necessary but not sufficient, and democracy depends on whether they treat their people with legally-protected civil liberties and rule of law
        
        Guaranteeing rule of law
        
        Protect minorities and individual liberties
        
        Respect the rules of the game
        
        Treat all members of society as political equals
        
        Illiberal democracies: those who meet the procedural criteria but fail to meet liberal criteria. Prioritize collective over individual rights (ex. Hungary's Orban).
  - - - The integrated social order of the alliance of throne, altar and sword was resilient from hundreds of years but faced pressure from economic developments as poor people started being concentrated in cities and had revolutionary ideologies.
- - - - Eastern Europe was synonymous with communist; Western Europe was to democratic political systems and market economies, no matter if they where in NATO. Some communist countries were not part of Warsaw pact.
      - Mitteleuropa: sphere of influence of Germany and prior Austria-Hungary.
      - During the Enlightenment (early 18th century) Europe was defined by a north(barbarian)-south(Mediterranean) axis. During the late 1600s the east-west axis becomes prominent, as the East is seen as less developed.
      - Today: A European State has no generally agreed upon definition, and the TEU leaves it open to geographical, cultural or political interpretations.
      - Europe's states had to compete for sovereignty with Christian churches acting as powerful parastatal actors.
      - Also, Europe (Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant) represents distinct cultural communities.