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THE RESTORATION AND THE LAST STUARTS - Coggle Diagram
THE RESTORATION AND THE LAST STUARTS
LONDON AND THE COURT
THE FRENCH INFLUENCE
Between moral idealism of Puritan Commonwealth/ restored Stuart monarchy, there was sharp contrast.
Stuart court brought back from France refined the French taste fashion/ manners. theaters were reopened/all the new forms entertainment used, like bear-biting/dances.
aristocracy/court displayed cynical attitude.
Their love of pleasure can be shown Charles II's nickname: the Merry Monarch.
During restoration for last time, court set the tone of age.
THE REBULDING OF LONDN
rebuilding city of London after Great Fire 6066 beginning of modern London from an architectural/social point view. London was now cultural/political center of country.
reconstruction was result of work Sir Christopher Wren, greatest English
Baroque architect. Many buildings/ more than 50 churches were rebuilt or restored, including St. Paul’s Cathedral.
SCIENCE AND THE ROYAL SOCIETY
restoration saw the diffusion of science as scientific research/also as a
social concern
Royal Society for Advancement Learning was founded 1660 as a college. Its
members included astronomers like Edmund Holly/mathematicians/physicists like Isaac Newton.
Experimental science closely connected to philosophy empiricism, based direct experience, such as that Francis Bacon, founder inductive method/of John Locke, who joined Royal Society in 1668
THE AUGUSTAN AGE
THE TERM AUGUSTAN
first half 18th century referred the Augustan age.
indicates classical outlook/imperial ambitions modeled ancient Rome under Emperor Augustus.
French influence important, British class looked at themselves as true heirs Roman Empire:their British Parliament Roman Senate/ overseas colonies were comparable with the ones of
ancient Rome
old Roman virtues, like self-control or perseverance, were thought to be virtues of
true British gentleman. Neoclassicism became way of life/ it was reflected in poetry, architecture, painting / even in gardening and town planning.
Augustan artists also shared a belief in reason as capable of imposing some order the world. They were critical both the new social order/of corruption of aristocracy/ political parties.
RATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES
wave of empiricism started by Locke at end of the 17th century, then developed
into skepticism of Scottish philosopher David Hume. This rational tendency apparent in analysis of
religion conducted by Deists, group of thinkers who rejected the revealed religion favor of natural religion/ in the philosophy of George Berkeley, who combined religious faith with reason.
THE ROLE OF WOAN
upper-class woman came achieve more central role.
began take part in braids/ enjoyed freedom to travel.
Their literary salons were important meeting places where
ideas were discussed. All new ideas freedom for individual also applied to women. Women were also
predominant in fields of diary writing and biographies;
Another field in which women writers were
good was epistolary novels and romances. The most important figure here is Aphra Behn: she was a playwright, poet/a fiction writer. first woman make a living by her writing.
THE RISE OF THE NOVEL
Utopian Fiction: Shows imaginary, perfect worlds contrast to real, imperfect societies, using precise/ realistic details (e.g., Gulliver’s Travels by Swift).
Epistolary Novel: Told through letters. started with single writer/traveler /evolved into an exchange among multiple people, introducing psychological analysis and interior descriptions (e.g., Pamela by Richardson).
Picaresque Novel: Follows the adventures on the road a young rogue (picaro) surviving on wit/courage. With Fielding, it evolved into three-stage coming-of-age journey (e.g., Tom Jones).
Sentimental Novel: Aims to evoke intense emotional reactions. It often blends travel diaries with autobiography, sometimes abandoning a conventional plot altogether (e.g., Sterne's works).
DANIEL DEFOE
EARLY LIFE AND EDUCATION
born 1660 london puritan family, studied newton green,there sons people different religious beliefs studied practical subjects. pratcical education be seen defoe's adult life. 1703 was fined , put pillory/imprisoned because satire.
THE NOVELIST
1719 became novelist with ROBINSON CRUSOE
the story of sailor shipwrecked on desert island who survives alone 28 years. The book.
immediately successful.
Another novel Moll Flanders (1722), in which poor girl creates place for herself society thanks to her beauty and intelligence
Captain Singleton (1720) tells the story of adventurer/anticipates the Romantic figure noble highwayman.
Journal of the Plague Year (1722) detailed report of plague that hit London 1665.
Memoirs of a Cavalier (1724), which tells series of adventures during Puritan Revolution, considered an early example historical novel.
THE FATHER OF MODERN JOURNALISM
Defoe was very productive writer/ his novels were only small part of his
work. wrote mainly essays, pamphlets/travel books. also wrote articles for newspapers/
magazines/ role in development of modern journalism important.
1704 he founded The Review, a magazine that continued until 1713. Defoe’s later years were marked by commercial and literary projects that never made him rich. He died in London in 1731, alone /in debt.
ROBINSON CRUSOE (1719)
Robinson Crusoe (1719) by Defoe is the first modern novel, inspired by a true story and written as a realistic diary.
The story: Shipwrecked on a desert island for 28 years, Robinson survives using his wits. He rescues a native, names him Friday, and makes him his servant before escaping on an English ship.
The meaning: * Mercantile hero: He embodies the practical, hard-working, and religious 18th-century Englishman.
Archetypal colonist: His mastery over Friday reflects British colonialism, as Robinson imposes his name, clothes, language/religion through superior technology.