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Wildfires - Coggle Diagram

- - - - “Fire is strongly affected by human activities such as land clearing, ecosystem fragmentation, burning of agricultural wastes, collection of firewood and fire suppression" ( Harrison et al 2010; Harris et al 2016) (p.1)
      - “fires exert effects on regional and global air quality thus extending these effects beyond the geographical boundaries of the area burned" (p.1)
      - "Fires release greenhouse gases, primarily CO2, and black carbon, identified as a SLCP (short-lived climate pollutant) that contribute to global warming" (Haines et al 2017; Lowe and Bernie 2018) (p. 1)
      - "Fire is one of several complex processes that lead to land degradation across the globe" (Neary, 2009; Kosmas et al., 2014; Miao et al., 2016; Cherlet et al., 2018) (p.1)
    - - ~"400 million ha are burned annually, comprising 3–4% of the Earth's vegetated surface" ( Randerson et al., 2012; Giglio et al., 2013; Chuvieco et al., 2016; Santín and Doerr, 2016; Andela et al., 2017; Archibald et al., 2018; Li et al., 2018) (p.1)
      - "Over the 20-year period from 1997 to 2016, fires were most extensive in regions dominated by savannas, grasslands and shrublands" (van der Werf et al., 2017) (p.1)
      - "Three components must be present for fires to burn: fuel, ignition source, and conditions conductive to burning" (Krawchuk et al., 2009; Moritz et al., 2012; Forkel et al., 2017; Table 1, Fig. 2)
        
        “Balch et al. (2018) term these components ‘switches’”
    - - "Fire is an ecological force that shapes ecosystems and influences bio-geochemical cycles (Bowman et al 2013), including the carbon cycle"
      - "In fire-adapted ecosystems, fire is an essential process that releases nutrients, modifies competition and influences plant community composition, and the suppression of fire in these systems leads to adverse long-term effects" (Bond and Keeley 2005 (p. 4)
        
        "The beneficial effects of fire in tropical dry forests include the improvement of hunting and fishing opportunities, the production of fodder, the creation of pasture lands, additional security from wild animals, an increase in agricultural productivity, the supply of a large range of non-wood forest products"
        
        "Yet fires have negative aspects; they can affect air quality while they burn and bring about changes in the land surface that can lead to desertification, land degradation, impacts on water supplies, and changes in rainfall patterns" (Tosca et al., 2013; Johnston et al., 2016; Miao et al., 2016; Mirzabaev et al., 2016; Nunes et al., 2018b; Cherlet et al., 2018) (p. 4)
      - Framework applies to land degradation which is "‘a state whereby the amount and quality of land resources necessary to support ecosystem functions and services and enhance food security remain stable or increase within specified temporal and spatial scales and ecosystems" (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, 2016; Cherlet et al., 2018) (p.4)
      - “Chuvieco et al. (2014) estimate that 65% of the Earth has high or very high vulnerability to fire.”
    - - "While fires are burning, they release particulates and volatile gases" (Sommers et al.,2014; Knorr et al.,2017; vanderWerf et al.,2017; Fann et al.,2018; Hu et al.,2018; Latif et al.,2018; Ward et al.,2018) (p.4-5)
        
        "These emissions have short and long-term effects on global warming" (Voulgarakis and Field, 2015) (p.5)
      - "Since fire releases carbon in the form of gases and particulates, the carbon sequestration function of ecosystems as that relates to the regulation of air quality is also perturbed" (Diaz et al 2015) (p. 5)
      - "The combustion products of fire have direct and long-term effects on human health (Johnston et al., 2016; Capistrano et al.,2017; Cascio,2018) and the environment (Biswas et al.,2008; Bondar et al.,2014), issues that pertain primarily to SDGs 3 (good health and well-being), 6 (clean water and sanitation), 13 (climate action) and 14 (life below water)" (p. 5)
        
        "Direct health effects include respiratory issues, deaths, and lower fetal and infant survival rates" (Jayachandran, 2009; Cascio, 2018; Fannetal.,2018) (p. 5)