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paper 2 geography - Coggle Diagram
paper 2 geography
Chambamontera Micro Hydro Scheme
Sustainability
: Replicable model for other isolated communities
: Community-managed, ensuring long-term viability
: Long lifespan (25+ years) with low running costs
: Small-scale and uses appropriate technology
Challenges/Disadvantages
: Small storage dam can affect scenery
: Some equipment might need to be imported
: Potential population pressure from growth
: Poor people still have to pay metered electricity
: High initial cost for a small community
Benefits
:
Environmental
: Regulating water flow reduces flood risk
: Less need to burn wood (reduces deforestation and soil erosion)
: Avoids large dams/reservoirs
: Minimal environmental impact during installation/operation
: Renewable, "fuel-free" energy source
:
Economic
: Money stays within the local economy
: Lower electricity costs compared to kerosene/diesel
: Increased incomes (60% increase for some)
: Job creation and local skill development
: New local businesses (coffee de-husking, furniture making, restaurants, internet cafes)
:
Social
: Reduced rural-to-urban migration
: Street lighting (improved safety)
: Enhanced education (lighting for study, computers in schools)
: Improved healthcare (refrigeration for vaccines, better dental services)
: Electric lighting replaces hazardous kerosene lamps (better air quality, fewer fires)
: Improved quality of life
Management & Funding
:
Maintenance
: Local people trained for building and repairs
:
Ownership
: Owned and managed by the local community
:
Funding Model
: Total cost US$51,000; funded by mix of government/Japanese grants and community contributions ($750 per family on credit)
:
Stakeholders
: Local community, Practical Action (NGO), Peruvian government, Japanese investors
Technology
: Appropriate technology: simple machinery, locally maintainable
: Capacity: 15 kW
: Components: Forbay (small storage dam), Penstock (high-pressure pipe), Turbine, Generator
: Diverts water from fast-flowing stream/river
: Small-scale, "run-of-the-river" system
Location
: Remote, 2+ hours drive from nearest town (Jaén)
: Andes mountains, steep slopes, high rainfall
: Isolated community, Northern Peru
Rio NEE case study
location
south east Brazil
near guanabara bay
Christ the redeemer
major port
challenges
shortage of schools and teachers
lack of money
teenagers need to support their families by working
access to resources
water
12% of Rio's population don't have running water
37% is lost through leaks and illegal access
droughts make water expensive
energy
frequent power cuts and blackouts
many people in favelas get electricity by illegally tapping into mains energy supply