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Unit 8: Ecology :evergreen_tree:, Survivorship Curves, Energy Flow,…
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Survivorship Curves
Type III - Characterized by a high death rate early on, but a long life.
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Symbiosis
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Competition - Occuring between two organisms, they compete to occupy the same niche in a habitat and the same resources
Niche Partitioning - In a habitat, niche partitioning occurs when competition forces two species to modify how they live in resource partitioning in their own ecological niche.
Ecosystems
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Predation - This occurs when predators hunt and kill prey for food to survive. Over time, both predator and prey adapt by the selective pressures of each.
Trophic Cascade - It is an accumulation of results that are from indirect interactions which can control ecosystems with predators limiting the density of prey.
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Competitive Exclusion Principle - If there is strong competition, the competitive exclusion principle can be applied in which the two species will undergo resource partitioning.
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Mutualism - Both organisms benefit from an interaction. (+/+) For example, clownfish give anemones nutrients in return for protection.
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Parasitism - One organism benefits at the expense of the other. (+/-) For example, ticks feed off the blood of mammals and can give diseases to them.
Commensalism - One organism benefits while the other is unaffected. (+/o) For example, barnacles attach to whales to be carried through the ocean, though it doesn't harm the whales.
Speciation
Keystone Species - Species that exert an unproportionally large effect on other species in its community, also increasing diversity.
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Invasive Species - Certain species that are transplanted from a different location that outcompete native species and reduce biodiversity
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A population of organisms evolve over time into two separate species which cannot interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Reproduction Strategies
Population Growth
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Logistic Growth - This occurs when a population is limited by resources and K, the carrying capacity, represents the maximum population size that the environment can support with its resources. The formula is
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R-selected - These individuals are defined as having early reproduction, many offspring, little parental care, and mostly align with the type III survivorship curve.
K-selected - These individuals are characteristically defined as having late reproduction, few offspring, and type I survivorship.
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Biodiversity
Simpson's Diversity Index - A hypothetical model that can be used to quantify the diversity of an ecosystem based on species richness and relative abundance
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The more diverse an ecosystem, the greater stability it has due to its increased resilience
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