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ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD Schneider, Growing importance of English as a…
ENGLISH AROUND THE WORLD Schneider
GLOBALIZATION OF ENGLISH
English as a Global Language
Present on all continents
A tool for international communication
Used as a lingua franca
Essential in:
trade
politics
education
technology
media
tourism
Worldwide Spread
More than 100 countries where English has important functions
Hundreds of millions of learners
Nearly 2 billion estimated speakers
Associated with:
social mobility
employment opportunities
economic development
SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUES
English and Social Mobility
Access to education
Access to employment
Social prestige
Debates
Killer Language
Threat to local languages
Alternative Perspective
Opportunity for global inclusion
Language Norms
British English
American English
Local standards
Identity
Language and belonging
Regional pride
National identity
WORLD ENGLISHES
Fundamental Concept
English is not a single uniform language
It exists in many national and regional varieties.
Causes of Diversification
Geographical expansion
Contact with other languages
Adaptation to local contexts
Different historical developments
Main Processes
Globalization
International spread of English
Nativization
Adaptation to local communities
Indigenization
Appropriation by local populations
Localization
Development of distinctive local features
Result
New varieties such as:
Indian English
Singapore English (Singlish)
Nigerian English
South African English
Australian English
Jamaican English
and many others
WORLD REGIONS EXAMINED
North America
American English
Canadian English
Regional dialects
The Caribbean
Jamaican English
Jamaican Creole
Legacy of slavery
Australia and New Zealand
Southern Hemisphere varieties
Strong national identities
Sub-Saharan Africa
Nigeria
Kenya
Cameroon
English as an official or lingua franca language
South Africa
Multilingualism
Black South African English
South Asia
India
Pakistan
Bangladesh
Southeast Asia
Singapore
Malaysia
The Pacific
Papua New Guinea
Vanuatu
Hawaii
East Asia
China
Japan
Korea
HISTORY OF THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH
European Colonization
Motivations
Social
Economic
Technological
Political
Religious and cultural
The British Empire
Global expansion
Establishment of colonies
Spread of English across territories
Later transformation into the Commonwealth
The United States
Emergence as a superpower
Strengthening of English’s global role
Cultural, economic, and media influence
TYPES OF COLONIES AND LINGUISTIC CONSEQUENCES
Trade Colonies
Goal:
Trade and commerce
Consequences:
Development of pidgins
Simplified communication systems
Intensive language contact
Exploitation Colonies
Characteristics:
Colonial administration
English associated with power
Restricted access to education
Goal:
Economic exploitation
Consequences:
English as the language of the elite
Settlement Colonies
Goal:
Permanent settlement
Consequences:
Koineization
Emergence of new national varieties
Examples:
United States
Canada
Australia
New Zealand
Plantation Colonies
Characteristics:
Slavery
Strong ethnic mixing
Consequences:
Development of creole languages
Intense language contact
Goal:
Agricultural production
LANGUAGE CONTACT
Main Phenomena
Bilingualism
Multilingualism
Borrowing
Language transfer
Language change
Products of Language Contact
Pidgin
Simplified language
Limited functions
Created for communication purposes
New Englishes
Stable English varieties
Used in postcolonial societies
Creole
Evolution of a pidgin
Native language of a community
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW VARIETIES
Levels of Change
Phonology
Pronunciation
Accents
Rhythm
Vocabulary
Local words
Loanwords
Pragmatics
Social use of language
Cultural meanings
Grammar
New constructions
Simplifications
Structural innovations
FINAL CONCEPT: GLOCALIZATION
GLOBAL ENGLISH
Spreads around the world
WORLD ENGLISHES
Many different but interconnected varieties
LOCAL COMMUNITIES
Adapt it to their own needs
RESULT
A language that is simultaneously global and local, shared worldwide yet expressed through diverse forms.
Growing importance of English as a foreign language.