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4th century, Plutarch 23, from 446 BC, warfare becoming a more serious job…
4th century
finance
in 4th century the central treasury itself was abolished
apodetai allocated revenue to different bodies
Pericles
at time in wake of war, in early century, they had to split money into smaller dowries - couldn't have as large projects
first half of 4th century - the stratiotic fund created with an elected treasurer
theoric fund likely created in 350s using surplus revenue, designed to cover theatre tickets during Dionysia, but also arsenal construction, building roads etc.
the treasurer of this fund is a single official who is elected, could conjoin with council in order to make decisions
ie if you were treasurer of theoric fund you had more oversight than that of the stratiotic fund, because you could supervise committees and see what was going on
Demosthenes also a treasurer of the theoric fund, this was a position which allowed you to influence politics more than usual
election of generals - one for each tribe - still occuring
exceptions were made though, they started doing it not one from each tribe, but just who was best for the job - probs third quarter of the 4th century
several of 4th century generals no longer leading politicians - they are now career military men, not interested in being in athens during peace time
in end of the 350s one of the generals is 'strategos epi ten choran' - in charge of defence of Attica. One in charge of heavy arms, two responsible for Piraeus, one for trierarch organisation, the other five free - expertise
beginning of 4th century private law suit trials reorganised
from 399, citizens of hoplite class and above required to spend the year of their 60th birthday as arbitrators
private suits for more than 10 drachma referred through the 40 itinerant judges to the arbitrator
only would go to trial if litigants appealed against decision of arbitrator
they wanted more expertise - trustworthy older men
and wanted to reduce money spent on jurors, they were doing too many trials
Financial and Governmental changes
in the 5th century the assembly met 40 times a year and all topics submitted by boule, decisions made by simple majority
in 4th century we see administrative boards set up and the boule oversees them
Peloponnesian War brought about losses and less foreigners coming to Athens
c. 360 BC = total pop is about 210,000 - 29,000 citizens, 71,000 citizen wives and children, 35,000 metics, 75,000 slaves (Rhodes)
proposal to award all citizens who had assisted with the protection of democracy in 403 BC the right of citizenship, but did not actually do this
compilation of revised law code began in 410 and completed in 399 -
nomoi
(see Arginusae about nomoi vs. laws)
body called nomothetai (legislators) change the law code - decrees were subsidiary and particular
all foreign policy decisions still made by decree by the boule
soon after democratic restitution of 403 - payment introduced for assembly - not for all who attended but the first so many to arrive
Demosthenes
resurgence of the Areopagus under Demosthenes
he enhances the judicial power of the Areopagus to treason or cowardice trials
Demosthenes, 18.134-6
however they could also reopen questions already voted on the assembly - but this only happened for a short amount of time
demosthenes' opponents accused him of being undemocratic, passed a law against Areopagus threatening to suspend them if the democracy is overthrown
Areopagus did retain its position, declared Demosthenes guilty?
Democracy after 403
500 nomothetai who passed the special laws - large board. but difficult deliberately to make nomoi, could only be done a certain time of year
much easier to enact ethisthmata (decrees)
there are still conflciting laws - by 330 Demosthenes and Aeschines are still able to cite conflicting laws in their On the Crowns
three decrees show the distinction between nomoi and ethismata
random things
Pericles economy - Plutarch - Pericles accused of embezzlement - specific instance of when he was setting aside 10 talents every year
every year setting aside 10 talents from budget for 'necessary expenses' - Theophrastus later finds out it was to bribe the Spartans not to go to war, to buy time so they could prepare for war
notable that nobody noticed this or cared
Plutarch says that during the Euboean revolt of 446, meanwhile Spartan army invaded Attica, Pericles supposedly bribed the Spartan army (Kleandridas cheif advisor) to stop
when Pericles returned to Athens he had to give his audit of the finances - demos did not ask inquistive expenses - example of euthynai being unsuccessful or not serious enough
'for sundry needs' the people approved it without official meddling and without investigating the mystery - theophrastus said the ten talents found their way to Sparta so that Pericles could have more time to prepare for the war - poor accountability and transparency even if it was for good reason
induction to citizenship
Ari, Ath Pol
people w citizen parents on both sides register at the deme - have to be voted in on grounds of right age (18) and right parentage
if denied then appeal to jury court. If he wins it is compulsary for demes men to register them, if they fail to prove it they are sold as a slave
when registered at 18 you are an ephebe - cadet. they take the new cadets and tour them round the temples, the piraeus, munychia, and Acte
elect two athletic trainers and instructors to train them, which they do for the first year.
shows military service as key part of citizenship
officials
all officials concerned w regular administration appointed by lot except stratiotic fund manager, theoric fund managers, and the superintendent of wells
elected by show of hands - term of office runs from one panathenaic festival to the next
market controllers elected by lot, five in city and five in the Piraeus
corn wardens elected by lot - 35 of them to make sure corn is sold at a fair price
also prison officers and executioners elected by lot - known as the 11
Eubolus
tried to attack more foreign traders - one method was specia commercial lawsuits with streamlined procedure - could happen every month - anythign that had written contract could be brought up - could be citizen, metic, or slave involved
in
in 5th century they have jurors split into ten groups, yet in 4th century (370 onwards) they have special allotment machine - complicated procedure which was very randomised
Plutarch 23
from 446 BC
warfare becoming a more serious job - politicians did not need to be military to weild power