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REPRODUCTION - Coggle Diagram

- - - - = genetic disorders affecting fertility
      - XO, mosaicism
      - infertility, small ovaries
      - karyotyping
      - none
    - - = pituitary endocrine disorder
      - older
      - neurodegeneration of hypothalamus
      - infertility, abnormal cycles
      - ACTH test
      - Pergolide
    - - = follicles failing to ovulate
      - hormonal imbalance
      - prolonged estrus
      - ultrasound
      - hCG or GnRH
    - - = cystic structures at ovulation site
      - follicular dysfunction
      - infertility
      - ultrasound
      - hormonal therapy
    - - = ovarian infl
      - infection
      - infertility
      - ultrasound
      - antibio + anti-infl
    - - Granulosa + theca cells tumors
        
        = ovarian neoplasia
        
        neoplastic transformation
        
        anestrus or nymphomania
        
        ultrasound + hormone tests (inhibin, testosterone)
        
        ovariectomy
  - - - Type I + II (gained ovarian hypoplasia)
        
        Type II (functional)
        
        = delayed cyclic activity
        
        nutrition, stress
        
        no heat
        
        progesterone test
        
        improve management
        
        Type I (ovarian hypoplasia)
        
        genetic, poor dvlp
        
        no cycles
        
        rectal palpation
        
        none or hormonal stimulation
        
        = inactive ovaries
      - Type III (cystic ovarian disease)
        
        = ovarian cysts
        
        hormonal imbalance
        
        irregular estrus
        
        ultrasound
        
        GnRH or PGF2α
      - Type IV (persistent corpus luteum)
        
        = corpus luteum not regressing
        
        uterine pathology
        
        no heat
        
        progesterone high
        
        PGF2α
    - - = bleeding during/after estrus
      - follicular rupture
      - blood discharge
      - clinical
      - none (physiological)
  - - - Anestrus
        
        = abs of estrus
        
        physiological, ovarian disease
        
        no heat
        
        progesterone, history
        
        depends on cause
      - Inter-estrus interval modifications
        
        = abnormal cycle length
        
        hormonal imbalance, disease
        
        too frequent or delayed heats
        
        cycle tracking
        
        treat underlying cause
- - - - = chronic infl of oviduct (uterine tube) > obstruction of lumen + impaired transport of ovum > subfertility or infertility
      - etiology (main): ascending bacterial infection secondary to metritis/endometritis
      - signs (main): repeat breeding, infertility, failure of conception
      - diagnosis (main): repro history, rectal palpation, ultrasonography
      - treatment (main): anbio, treatment of associated uterine disease, surgery if severe unilateral
      - species (main): livestock, poultry
- - - - Orchitis
        
        = infl of testis
        
        bacterial infection, trauma, systemic infection
        
        swollen painful testis, fever, infertility
        
        stallion, bull, dog
        
        clinical exam + ultrasound + semen analysis
        
        antibio, anti-infl, castration if severe
      - Testicular degeneration
        
        = progressive loss of spermatogenesis
        
        all
        
        heat stress, toxins, age, fever, varicocele
        
        infertility, poor semen quality
        
        semen analysis (low motility, abnormal sperm)
        
        remove cause (often irreversible)
      - Testicular tumors
        
        = neoplastic growth in testis
        
        dog > stallion, bull
        
        age, cryptorchidism (especially Sertoli/Leydig tumors)
        
        enlarged testis, feminization (Sertoli), infertility
        
        palpation + ultrasound
        
        castration
      - Testicular bursa inflammation
        
        Scroto-dartoic inflammation
        
        Inflammation of tunica vaginalis (vaginalitis, periorchitis)
        
        = infl of scrotum or vaginal tunics
        
        all
        
        trauma, infection, hernia complications
        
        swelling, pain, heat
        
        clinical exam + ultrasound
        
        anti-infl, antibio, surgery if severe
      - Epididymitis
        
        = infl of epididyme
        
        bull, ram, stallion, dog
        
        Brucella (bull), bacterial infection, trauma
        
        pain, swelling, infertility
        
        palpation + ultrasound + culture
        
        antibio, sometimes castration
      - Funiculitis
        
        = infl of spermatic cord
        
        all
        
        infection, post-castration complications
        
        painful cord thickening
        
        clinical + ultrasound
        
        antibio, anti-infl, surgery
      - Spermatocystitis (vesiculitis)
        
        = infl of seminal vesicles
        
        bull, stallion, dog
        
        bacterial infection
        
        infertility, painful ejaculation
        
        rectal exam + ultrasound + semen culture
        
        antibio long-term
      - Prostatitis
        
        = prostate infl
        
        dog (mainly), stallion
        
        bacterial infection
        
        dysuria, blood in semen/urine, infertility
        
        rectal exam + ultrasound + culture
        
        antibio, castration sometimes
    - - Posthitis
        
        = infl of prepuce
        
        all
        
        infection, trauma, poor hygiene
        
        discharge, swelling, pain
        
        clinical exam
        
        cleaning, antibio, anti-infl
      - Gained phimosis (aquired)
        
        = inability to protrude penis
        
        dog, stallion
        
        trauma, infl, tumors
        
        inability to copulate
        
        clinical exam
        
        surgery
      - Prepuce + penis tumors
        
        = neoplasia of external genitalia
        
        dog (mainly), horse
        
        chronic irritation, viral (rare)
        
        masses, bleeding, dysuria
        
        biopsy
        
        surgical removal
      - Balanitis
        
        = infl of glans penis
        
        all
        
        infection, trauma, poor hygiene
        
        discharge, swelling, pain
        
        clinical exam
        
        cleaning, antibio, anti-infl