Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
REPRODUCTION - Coggle Diagram
REPRODUCTION
Mastitis
Cows
Serous mastitis (interstitial)
= acute infl of mammary interstitial tissue w serous exudation, by bacterial infection > swollen, warm, painful udder, D milk production, and watery milk w mild systemic signs
Catarrhal mastitis
= mild form of mastitis w infl of mammary epithelium w mucous (catarrhal) exudate in milk ducts, by bacterial infection > slightly abnormal milk (flakes/mucus) + mild or no systemic signs
Purulent mastitis
= severe infl of mammary gland w pus formation within gland + milk, by bacterial infection > marked udder infl, pain, fever, and thick yellow-green purulent milk or clots
Specific mastitis
Acute
Gangrenous mastitis (super acute, udder gangrena)
= peracute, severe form of mastitis, by highly virulent infection > vascular damage, tissue necrosis, and gangrene of udder, severe systemic illness, toxemia, cold blue-black udder areas, and rapid tissue death
Staphyloccocal mastitis
= contagious or envtal bacterial mastitis, by Staphylococcus spp. > chronic or subclinical infection of udder w intermittent flare-ups, D milk quality, and possible abscesses or fibrosis
Colibacillar mastitis
= acute envtal mastitis, by Escherichia coli, usually around parturition > endotoxin-induced infl w sudden drop in milk production, watery or abnormal milk, marked udder swelling, fever, and possible severe systemic toxemia or shock
Chronic
Arcanobacterium (Corynebacterium) pyogenes mastitis
= severe suppurative mastitis, after teat injuries or summer mastitis complexes, by Trueperella pyogenes > abscess, foul-smelling purulent milk, marked udder damage, and poor prognosis w frequent gland destruction
Tuberculous mastitis
= chronic granulomatous mammary infection, by Mycobacterium bovis > firm, nodular udder enlargement, progressive fibrosis, D milk production, and often milk contamination w systemic signs of bovine tuberculosis
Streptococcus mastitis
= contagious or envtal bacterial mastitis, by Streptococcus spp. > chronic or subclinical udder infl w I somatic cell count, abnormal milk (flakes/clots), and D milk production
Other mastitis
Subclinical mastitis
= hidden infl of mammary gland w no visible udder or milk changes, by bacterial infection > I somatic cell count + D milk production
Sheep + goats
Sheep
= infl of mammary gland, by bacterial infection > acute (toxic, painful udder w abnormal milk + systemic signs) or chronic (fibrosis, D milk production, poor lamb growth)
Goat
= infl of mammary gland, by bacterial infection > from subclinical to acute or gangrenous forms: abnormal milk, udder swelling/pain, D milk production, and sometimes systemic illness if severe
Subclinical mastitis
= hidden infl of mammary gland w no visible udder or milk changes, by bacterial infection > I somatic cell count + D milk production
Sow
E.coli mastitis
= acute envtal coliform mastitis, by Escherichia coli, often around farrowing > sudden udder infl, fever, pain, D milk production, and risk of endotoxemia + poor piglet viability
Streptococcus mastitis
= bacterial mammary infection, by Streptococcus spp. > acute to subacute udder infl w swelling, pain, fever, D milk production, and impaired piglet nursing
Purulent mastitis
= severe infl of mammary gland w pus formation in udder + milk, by bacterial infection > hot, painful, swollen glands, fever, D or abs milk production, and risk of systemic illness in sow + piglets
Actinomyces mastitis
= rare chronic bacterial mastitis, by Actinomyces spp. w progressive granulomatous or suppurative infl of mammary gland > firm nodules or abscesses, thick purulent secretions, D milk production, and poor response to treatment
Mares
Catarrhal mastitis
= mild to subacute infl of mammary ducts, by bacterial infection > mucous exudate in milk, slight udder swelling, and mild D milk quality + production, often minimal systemic signs
Botriomycotic mastitis
= chronic granulomatous mastitis, by bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus > firm nodules + abscesses in mammary gland, thick purulent discharge, and progressive destruction of mammary tissue w poor response to treatment
Carnivores
Acute mastitis
= sudden infl of mammary gland, by bacterial infection, usually during lactation > painful swollen mammary glands, abnormal milk (blood/pus), fever, and risk of systemic illness in dam + neonates
Chronic mastitis
= long-standing infl of mammary gland, by bacterial infection or unresolved acute mastitis > firm or fibrotic mammary tissue, persistent or recurrent abnormal secretions, D milk production, and minimal or intermittent systemic signs
Ovarian infertility/sterility
Mares
Chromosomal abnormalities
= genetic disorders affecting fertility
XO, mosaicism
infertility, small ovaries
karyotyping
none
Equine cushing disease (ECD)
= pituitary endocrine disorder
older
neurodegeneration of hypothalamus
infertility, abnormal cycles
ACTH test
Pergolide
Anovulatory follicles (cystic ovaries)
= follicles failing to ovulate
hormonal imbalance
prolonged estrus
ultrasound
hCG or GnRH
Ovulation fossa cysts
= cystic structures at ovulation site
follicular dysfunction
infertility
ultrasound
hormonal therapy
Oophoritis
= ovarian infl
infection
infertility
ultrasound
antibio + anti-infl
Ovarian tumors
Granulosa + theca cells tumors
= ovarian neoplasia
neoplastic transformation
anestrus or nymphomania
ultrasound + hormone tests (inhibin, testosterone)
ovariectomy
Cows
Anestrus
Type I + II (gained ovarian hypoplasia)
Type II (functional)
= delayed cyclic activity
nutrition, stress
no heat
progesterone test
improve management
Type I (ovarian hypoplasia)
genetic, poor dvlp
no cycles
rectal palpation
none or hormonal stimulation
= congenital underdvlp of ovaries (small + inactive w no follicular dvlp)
Type III (cystic ovarian disease)
= ovarian cysts
hormonal imbalance
irregular estrus
ultrasound
GnRH or PGF2α
Type IV (persistent corpus luteum)
= corpus luteum not regressing
uterine pathology
no heat
progesterone high
PGF2α
Estral + post-estral hemorrhage
= bleeding during/after estrus
luteal insufficiency + imbalance estradiol/progesterone
blood discharge
clinical
progesterone
Bitches + cats
Bitches
Anestrus
= abs of estrus
physiological, ovarian disease
no heat
progesterone, history
depends on cause
Inter-estrus interval modifications
= abnormal cycle length
hormonal imbalance, disease
too frequent or delayed heats
cycle tracking
treat underlying cause
Queens
Mammary glands pathology
Dogs
Physical abnormalities
Inverted nipple
= congenital or acquired condition in which nipple is retracted inward instead of protruding normally, due to dvlpmental defects, trauma, or chronic infl > difficulty in normal cleaning, accum. of debris, local irritation, and sometimes recurrent infections
Nipple hyperplasia
= benign enlargement of nipple due to I epithelial or connective tissue growth, by chronic irritation, infl, or hormonal influence > nipple: enlarged, sometimes deformed, may interfere w suckling, local irritation
Supernumerary nipples
= congenital condition w pz of extra nipples beyond normal mammary line, by abnormal embryologic dvlp —> typically asymptomatic but occasionally, accessory mammary tissue or rare functional milk production
Nipple hypoplasia
= congenital under dvlpment of nipple, by incomplete embryologic dvlp > small or poorly formed teat > typically asymptomatic but may impair normal suckling or milk flow
Functional disorders
Agalactia
= failure or abs of milk production after parturition, by hormonal disorders, poor mammary dvlp, systemic disease, stress, or malnutrition > inability to nurse puppies > neonatal starvation risk
Galactostatis
= milk retention disorder where milk accumulates in mammary gland, by insufficient milk removal (poor suckling or obstruction) > gland distension, discomfort, and I risk of secondary mastitis
Galactorrhoea
= spontaneous + inappropriate milk secretion unrelated to normal pregnancy or lactation, by hormonal imbalance (especially hyperprolactinemia, often during pseudopregnancy) > mammary enlargement + milk leakage
Proliferative conditions
Mammary neoplasms
= abnormal, usually malignant or benign proliferations of mammary tissue, by hormonal factors > firm nodules/masses in 1 or multiple mammary glands, often ulceration or metastasis if malignant
Cats
Mammary fibroadenomatous hyperplasia
= rapid, benign, progesterone-dependent proliferation of mammary tissue, mainly in young intact queens or after progestagen exposure > marked, often bilateral gland enlargement > firm, painless swelling > edematous or ulcerated
Female acquired sterility
Tubal origin infertility
Chronic salpingitis
= chronic infl of oviduct (uterine tube) > obstruction of lumen + impaired transport of ovum > subfertility or infertility
etiology (main): ascending bacterial infection secondary to metritis/endometritis
signs (main): repeat breeding, infertility, failure of conception
diagnosis (main): repro history, rectal palpation, ultrasonography
treatment (main): anbio, treatment of associated uterine disease, surgery if severe unilateral
species (main): livestock, poultry
Male acquired sterility
Acquired impotence
Generation impotence
Orchitis
= infl of testis
bacterial infection, trauma, systemic infection
swollen painful testis, fever, infertility
stallion, bull, dog
clinical exam + ultrasound + semen analysis
antibio, anti-infl, castration if severe
Testicular degeneration
= progressive loss of spermatogenesis
all
heat stress, toxins, age, fever, varicocele (abnormal dilatation of veins in scrotum: "bag of worms")
infertility, poor semen quality
semen analysis (low motility, abnormal sperm)
remove cause (often irreversible)
Testicular tumors
= neoplastic growth in testis
dog > stallion, bull
age, cryptorchidism (especially Sertoli/Leydig tumors)
enlarged testis, feminization (Sertoli), infertility
palpation + ultrasound
castration
Testicular bursa inflammation
Scroto-dartoic inflammation
Inflammation of tunica vaginalis (vaginalitis, periorchitis)
= infl of scrotum or vaginal tunics
all
trauma, infection, hernia complications
swelling, pain, heat
clinical exam + ultrasound
anti-infl, antibio, surgery if severe
Epididymitis
= infl of epididyme
bull, ram, stallion, dog
Brucella (bull), bacterial infection, trauma
pain, swelling, infertility
palpation + ultrasound + culture
antibio, sometimes castration
Funiculitis
= infl of spermatic cord
all
infection, post-castration complications
painful cord thickening
clinical + ultrasound
antibio, anti-infl, surgery
Spermatocystitis (vesiculitis)
= infl of seminal vesicles
bull, stallion (not dog)
bacterial infection
infertility, painful ejaculation
rectal exam + ultrasound + semen culture
antibio long-term
Prostatitis
= prostate infl
dog (mainly), stallion
bacterial infection
dysuria, blood in semen/urine, infertility
rectal exam + ultrasound + culture
antibio, castration sometimes
Copulation (mating) impotence
Posthitis
= infl of prepuce
all
infection, trauma, poor hygiene
discharge, swelling, pain
clinical exam
cleaning, antibio, anti-infl
Gained phimosis (aquired)
= inability to protrude penis
dog, stallion
trauma, infl, tumors
inability to copulate
clinical exam
surgery
Prepuce + penis tumors
= neoplasia of external genitalia
dog (mainly), horse
chronic irritation, viral (rare)
masses, bleeding, dysuria
biopsy
surgical removal
Balanitis
= infl of glans penis
all
infection, trauma, poor hygiene
discharge, swelling, pain
clinical exam
cleaning, antibio, anti-infl