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BACTERIA
bacterial reproduction methods
Binnary fission
Main method of reproduction
One cell divides in to two exact copies
Very fast proces
Allows fast growth
Genetic exchange
Conjugation = DNA transpher thought pili
Transformation= uptake of dna
Transduction= bacteriophages transfer DNA
Increases genetic diversity
Endospore formation
Some bacteria formes endospores to survive harsh condition
Spores resist heat, dryness and cheemicals
Fast reproduction
Some bacteria divide every 20 minutes
Leads to cuick colony formation
Can rapidluy spread diseases
Mutation
Random DNA changes create variation
Mutations can help bacteria to survive antibiotics
main characteristics
Cell structure
Bacteria are prokariotic cells
Simpler than eukariotic cells
No nucleous
DNA loats freely on citoplasam
Cell Wall composition
|Cell Wall gives suport and shape
Made mainly peptydoglican
Gram positive bacteria have a thok peptydoglican
Gram negative bacteria have a thin peptydoglican
Some bacteria lack walls completly
Size and shape
Usually very small (0.2–10 μm)
Can only be seen in a microscope
Shapes affect survival
Genetic Material
Ussualy one circular Chromosome
Extra DNA called plasmids
DNA located in nuceoid region
bacterial classification systems
By shape
Coccy=Spherical bacteria
Bacily= Rod Shaped
Spirilla = Spiral Shaped
Vibros= Comma Shaped
Spirochetes = Long, flexible spirals
By oxigen use
Anaerobic bacteria dont need oxigen
Aerobic bacteria need oxigen
Facultative anaerobic can live with or without oxigen
By nutrition
Autotrophs make their own food
Heterotrophs obtain nutrients from others
Photosintetic bacteria use sunlight
By movement
Flagella for movement
nonmotile bacteria can not move
important facts about bacteria to real-world applications
Medicine
Antibiotics are developed to kill harmfull bacteria
Some bacteria are used to make insuline and vaccines
Gut bacteria help digestion and vitamin production
Biotecnology
used in genetic engeneering
production of enzimes, yogurt, cheese and biofuels
Used in waste treatement plants
Enviroment
decompose dead organisms
Recicle nutrients
Important in Carbon and nitrogen cicles
