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Haiti-DR, link to thematic studies: rights and justice, link to core…

- - - - role
        
        prevent and minimise displacements, foster dafe migration pathways, emphasising national ownership
        
        most operational UN agency in Haiti
      - levels of analysis
        
        national
        
        technical assistance to Haitian ministries to strengthen migration government and policy development
        
        regional
        
        binational dialogue between Haiti-DR to improve border management
        
        sub-national
        
        works with local authorities on identity documentation, displacement sites, and migrant protection
- - - - mid 2025: over 90% of Haiti is estimated to be under gang control, nearly 5,000 people killed Oct 2024-June 2025
      - inflation reaching 28%, half population experiencing acute food insecurity
      - hurricanes causing flooding in more than 6 departments
      - Sept 2025: more than 1.4 million people internally displaced (10% increase since July)
    - - political instability, collapse of public institutions (no President, Parliament or Courts)
      - deportations, limited legal pathways, underfunded
  - - - border - flashpoint for international law, global migration trends, foreign policies
      - source of concern due to larger issues (gang violence, economic impacts of mass irregular migration, disputes over shared natural resources, etc)
    - - DR
        
        state sovereignty
      - Haiti
        
        state fragility
    - - the political choices made at national and global levels directly influence local communities
- - - - 55,000 deported since the June 2015 deadline
      - 128,000 voluntarily
      - nearly 5% of the average population in the DR
  - - - Spain
        
        Integration, inter-marrying, political system, sustanaible
      - France
        
        exploitation
  - - - Article 8: anyone born in the country is automatically a citizen
    - - Article 18: legal residence can have the nationality only
    - - Dominican Republic Constitutional Court: TC 168/13: :star: applied retroactively to anyone born in the DR between 1929 and 2010 from undocumented citizens would have the citizenship revoked
  - - - $34 b
      - 11.3 m
    - - $255 b
      - 10.7 m
- - - - policy
        
        The construction of the 122-mile physical and technological border wall, paired with biometrics at checkpoints
      - leading advocates
        
        Dominican state + nationalist parties
      - mechanism
        
        Using physical barriers and biometric tracking to filter migration. The goal is to separate the DR economy from Haitian poverty while selectively allowing regulated commercial transit
    - - policy
        
        Large-scale, state-directed deportation campaigns targeting undocumented individuals
      - mechanism
        
        2025: over 300,000 forced deportations. Mass undocumentation is treated as a threat to state sovereignty rather than a humanitarian issue
      - leading advocates
        
        The Dominican Military (CESFRONT) and domestic conservative lobby groups
    - - policy
        
        Pittobert canal construction
      - leading advocates
        
        Local Haitian Agricultural Cooperatives and farmers on the Maribaroux Plain
      - mechanism
        
        Bypassing state-level diplomacy to directly redirect natural resources. The policy uses environmental engineering to alleviate localized agricultural poverty regardless of bilateral border agreements
    - - policy
        
        Legal advocacy demanding the DR halt mass expulsions and reinstate birthright citizenship for descendants of Haitians
      - mechanism
        
        Deploying soft power and international human rights law to pressure the DR to respect human dignity (borders = systemic poverty)
      - leading advocates
        
        UNHCR, Amnesty International
  - - - DR
        
        Success: reduction in unauthorized border crossings, zero spillover of gang violence into provinces like Dajabón, and the preservation of domestic public resources (healthcare/schools) for Dominican citizens
      - Haiti + International NGOs
        
        Humanitarian failure: hardening the border doesn't stop/regulate poverty
    - - Haiti
        
        Success locally: escape absolute poverty
      - DR
        
        unlawful failure, breaking the 1929 treaty
    - - complete failure: blocked by DR state sovereignty
      - DR
        
        2014: law 169-14 to remedy the crisis = big failure
- - - - Analyzed through a Liberal/Justice lens, prioritising human security and poverty reduction over rigid Westphalian walls
    - - prevents illegal crossings by using trade to alleviate poverty, satisfies DR by ensuring workers return to Haiti daily
    - - bilateral special economic zones (SEZs) to provide jobs and manage the Massacre River border issue
    - - not very likely to be approved by Dominican nationalists, easily controlled by Haitian gangs
- - - - 1825: French Independence Indemnity (90M francs)
    - - Assassination Jovenel Moïse 2021
    - - Pittobert irrigation canal on Massacre river 2018 (unilateral by local Haitian farmers to fight localised agricultural poverty). 2023: canal 60% constructed
        
        Pittobert canal
        
        Haitians
        
        national pride, sovereignty, food autonomy, diginty
        
        Dominicans
        
        lack of rule of law (government can't control the farmers that seek rule of the river)
        
        Massacre river flow
        
        The 55 km Massacre River originates in the DR, but
        serves as an international boundary with Haiti for
        7 km
        
        In April-November the mean flow is 11.75
        m3/s. In December-March the mean flow is 4.2 m3/s
    - - Feb 2025: President Abinader weaponized the border to insulate the DR economy and win elections, sealing out Haitian instability
  - - - severe humanitarian shockwaves concentrated at the Belladère (51%) and Ouanaminthe (27%) checkpoints
    - - total border shutdown by sept 2023
      - paralysed vital bi-weekly market in Dajabón. Cut off food supplies to Northeast Haiti, where 72% of arriving deportees face acute food insecurity
    - - over 9,000 Haitians secured legal residency, but not citizenship
      - Haitians make around 5% of the DR total population
      - hardening physical borders = hardening legal borders: structural poverty :star:
    - - construction of the Don Miguel dam 2023-24
        
        downstream extraction sites in Haiti
        and DR non-viable without DR approval
        
        increase household water insecurity and waterborne diseases such as cholera
      - 1929 treaty
        
        Poverty -> Borders: Poverty in Haiti (1947 debt legacy + 2021 state collapse) forces locals to build the 2023 Canal, violating the 1929 border treaty