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Urban Health, Environmental health - Coggle Diagram
Urban Health
Risk Behaviors in Urban Populations
Smoking and secondhand smoke (targeted marketing, greater availability).
Substance abuse (alcohol, illicit drugs more available).
Unhealthy diet (energy-dense, nutrient-poor fast food).
Physical inactivity (overcrowding, traffic, lack of safe spaces).
Environmental pollution (air, water from industry, transport, cooking).
Overcrowding (disease transmission, especially airborne).
Urban poverty (hazardous environments, multiple stressors).
Factors Affecting Increased Urbanization
Changes in regions (economic/employment base).
Unequal income distribution.
Government macroeconomic policies favoring urban centers.
World markets.
Availability of services and higher education.
Ambition for better living conditions.
Community Health Nurse Role in Urban Areas
Provide high-quality holistic care.
Deliver public health interventions.
Ensure safety and advocate for patients' rights.
Coordinate care plans.
Educate patients/families on prevention.
Unique skills: Surveillance and monitoring, health promotion, educational roles, policies and planning.
Definitions
Urban area: Non-rural, >99 persons/square mile, population 20,000 – 50,000.
Urbanization: Process of movement from rural to cities; leading global trend of 21st century with significant health impact.
Informal areas: 40% of Egyptians live in informal settlements (government emergency shelter, old neglected buildings, slums, canvas huts on state-owned land).
Squatters: Areas established with poor building on unauthorized, unserved lands (unplanned, unserved, unauthorized).
Slums: Overcrowded, squalid districts, usually inhabited by the very poor (substandard housing, unsafe).
Characteristics of Urban Community
Greater density of population.
Greater complexity of organization.
Greater social differentiation.
Commercial/industrial occupations.
Market specialization of activities/services.
Cultural Diversity in Urban Healthcare
Culture: Integrated patterns of human behavior (norms, traditions, values). Characteristics: learned, shared, transmissive, continuous/cumulative, dynamic/adaptive, consistent/integrated, tacit, symbol-based.
Cultural diversity: Cultural differences among people.
Diversity awareness (ANA): Acknowledgment and appreciation of differences in attitudes, beliefs, thoughts, and priorities in health-seeking behaviors.
Culturally congruent care: Behaviors/decisions designed to fit with cultural values for meaningful, beneficial, satisfying care.
Cultural competency: Knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviors to provide optimal care to diverse cultural/ethnic backgrounds.
Urban Health Problems
1. Communicable diseases: Flourish due to overcrowding and poor sanitation.
2. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs): Associated with toxins, unhealthy living conditions, and lifestyles.
3. Psychosocial health problems: Isolation, depression, anxiety, alcohol/drug dependency, violence, juvenile delinquency – especially among newly arrived poor.
Approaches for Promoting Urban Development
Approach
Key Focus
Water, sanitation, solid waste, pollution control
Environmental health
Political commitment
Health authority
Advocacy, health impact assessment, surveillance, training, research, linking environmental data with health
Decentralization
Local determination of responsibility and resources
Public participation
Effective involvement of public with health sector
Healthy city
Continuously creates and improves physical/social environments
Move from narrow sectoral policy to broad human/economic development