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Transport in Humans - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Transports:
        
        blood cells around the body
        
        nutrients from the small intestines to other parts of the body
        
        excretory products from organs where they are produced to excretory organs for removal
        
        hormones from endocrine glands to target organs
  - - - engulfs and destroys foreign particles such as bacteria (phagocytosis).
    - - produces antibodies that:
        
        recognize foreign particles
        
        destroy disease-causing organisms (pathogens) such as bacteria and viruses
        
        cause bacteria to clump together for easy ingestion by phagocytes
        
        neutralise the toxins produced by bacteria
  - - - Blood clots help to seal wounds, prevent excessive blood loss and blocks foreign particles from entering the stream.
        
        Platelets are involved in converting the soluble protein fibrinogen to insoluble thread of fibrin, this process involves enzymes. Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and the whole mass forms a clot or a scab
        
        Tissue rejection is when the white blood cells of a recipient's immune system recognizes the donor's transplanted organs as foreign and produces antibodies to destroy the organ. To prevent this, the donor and recipient's tissue must be genetically similar, or use drugs which inhibit (restrain/ prevent/ slow down) the responses of the recipient's immune system.
- - - - eg. Renal artery = carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to kidneys
        Hepatic artery= carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the liver
        Pulmonary arteries = carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs
  - - - eg. Renal vein = carries deoxygenated blood from kidneys to the heart
        Hepatic vein = carries deoxygenated blood from liver to the heart
        Pulmonary vein = carries oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart
        
        The hepatic portal vein carries mainly sugars and amino acids from the small intestine to the liver
  - - - The tiny spaces between tissue cells contain tissue fluid which transports dissolved substances between the tissue cells and the blood capillaries.
  - - - Provide a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients needed for the heart muscle to stay alive and function.
        
        The pathway of blood through the Heart
        
        Right side:
        
        Upper Vena Cava ---(deoxygenated blood from head, neck and arms returns to)-
        --> Right atrium
        Lower Vena Cava ---(deoxygenated blood from rest of body excluding the lungs returns to)---> Right atrium
        
        Right Atrium ---(blood goes through tricuspid valve)---> Right ventricle
        
        Right Ventricle ---(blood goes through pulmonary valve)---> Pulmonary arteries ---> Lungs
        
        Left side:
        
        Pulmonary Veins ---(oxygenated blood from lungs)---> left atrium
        
        Left atrium ---(blood goes through bicuspid valve)---> left ventricle
        
        Left Vertricle---(blood goes through aortic valve)---> Aorta---> Rest of body/ coronary arteries bring oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles
        
        Cardiac cycle
        (one ventricular systole and one ventricular diastole)
        
        The atrial muscles contract, forcing blood into the ventricles.
        
        After a short pause, the ventricular muscles contract, causing a rise in pressure in the ventricles. The rise in pressure causes the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to close to prevent backflow into the atria. This produces a 'lub' sound.
        
        The semi-lunar valves open and blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery, as well as from the left ventricle into the aorta.
        
        As the ventricular muscles contract, the atrial muscles relax. The right atrium receives blood from the vena cavas while the left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins.
        
        The ventricular muscles then relax. The fall in pressure causes the semi-lunar valves to close to prevent backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery and aorta into the ventricles. This produces a softer 'dub' sound
        
        The bicuspid and tricuspid valves also open and blood flows from the atria into the ventricles.
        
        The atrial muscles contract again and the whole cycle repeats
        
        Pulse
        
        A pulse is produced after every ventricular contraction as the heart pumps blood. By counting the number of pulse beats per minute, we actually get the number of heartbeats per minute. It is high after exertion and low during rest.
        *Some physically healthy people have low pulse rates as regular cardiovascular exercise strengthens the heart and allows it to pump a larger volume of blood with each beat.
        
        Pressure changes in the heart
        (Blood flows from higher pressure to lower pressure)
        
        Stage 1. Atrial systole
        
        When left atrium contracts, it pushes extra blood into left ventricle which increases volume of blood in ventricles. Increase in vol of blood=increased blood pressure as ventricles are already partially filled, adding more blood stretches ventricle walls and slightly increases pressure.
        Stage 2. Bicuspid valve close
        
        Ventricular muscles begin to contract and the bicuspid valve closes.
        Stage 3. Ventricular muscles continue to contract without change in volume of blood and pressure continues to rise.
        Stage 4. Pressure in ventricle becomes higher than that in the aorta. Aortic valve opens. Volume of blood in ventricle decreases as blood is forced into the aorta (higher to lower pressure)
        Stage 5. Aortic valve close
        
        Ventricular muscles begin to relax. Towards the end of ventricular systole, ventricle empties, less blood is available to maintain high pressure, hence pressure decreases. Drop in pressure causes aortic valve to close to prevent backflow of blood into ventricle.
        Stage 6. Ventricular muscles continue to relax without change in volume of blood.
        Stage 7. Bicuspid valve opens
        
        Bicuspid valve opens when pressure in ventricle becomes lower than that in atrium
        Stage 8. Pressure in ventricle rises as blood continues to enter the ventricle from atrium
        
        Ventricular diastole is lower than atrial pressure. Atrial muscles do not need to contract to force blood into the ventricle.
        
        Ventricles pressure increases because blood enters the ventricles from atrium
        Stage 9. Atrial systole (begin new cycle)
    - - Receive blood from veins
        
        Have comparatively thin muscular walls since they only force blood into the ventricles that lie directly below them. This does not require high pressure.
    - - The left ventricle is much thicker as it pumps blood around the whole body and this requires high pressure
        
        The right ventricle has thinner walls than the left ventricle as it only pumps blood to the lungs, which is close to the heart
    - - Prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium
    - - Prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium
    - - Prevents backflow of blood from aorta to left ventricle
    - - Prevents backflow of blood from pulmonary artery to the right ventricle
    - - Transports deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
    - - Transports oxygenated blood to the left atrium
    - - Separates the right and left side of the heart
        
        Prevents the mixing of deoxygenated blood in the right side with the oxygenated blood in the left side
        
        Mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood will reduce the amount of oxygen carried to the rest of the body
    - - Acts like an elastic spring
        
        Holds on to valves