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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) - Coggle Diagram
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Definition
Progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function
Persists for more than 3 months
Leads to impaired filtration and homeostasis
May progress to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
Epidemiology
Global public health problem
Increasing prevalence worldwide
Common in older adults
Associated with diabetes and hypertension
Etiology
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypertension
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidney disease
Chronic pyelonephritis
Obstructive uropathy
Autoimmune diseases
Nephrotoxic drugs
Risk Factors
Non-modifiable Factors
Advanced age
Family history
Genetic predisposition
Ethnicity
Modifiable Factors
Poor glycemic control
Uncontrolled hypertension
Smoking
Obesity
Hyperlipidemia
Nephrotoxic medication use
Sedentary lifestyle
Pathophysiology
Nephron damage and loss
Reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
Impaired waste excretion
Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Sodium and water retention
Metabolic acidosis
Uremia
Activation of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
Anemia due to decreased erythropoietin
Bone mineral disorders due to calcium-phosphate imbalance
Stages of CKD
Stage 1
Normal or increased GFR
Kidney damage present
Stage 2
Mild decrease in GFR
Stage 3
Moderate decrease in GFR
Stage 4
Severe decrease in GFR
Stage 5
Kidney failure / ESRD
Dialysis or transplant required
Clinical Manifestations
Early Stage
Fatigue
Hypertension
Nocturia
Mild edema
Advanced Stage
Severe edema
Oliguria
Uremia
Nausea and vomiting
Pruritus
Muscle cramps
Dyspnea
Anemia
Confusion
Diagnostic Evaluation
Medical history and physical examination
Serum creatinine
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Estimated GFR (eGFR)
Urinalysis
Proteinuria
Hematuria
Urine albumin-creatinine ratio
Electrolyte studies
Renal ultrasound
Kidney biopsy
Complications
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Hyperkalemia
Metabolic acidosis
Pulmonary edema
Anemia
Renal osteodystrophy
Malnutrition
Infection
End-stage renal disease
Medical Management
Control underlying diseases
Diabetes management
Blood pressure control
Pharmacologic Therapy
ACE inhibitors
ARBs
Diuretics
Erythropoietin
Phosphate binders
Vitamin D supplements
Fluid management
Electrolyte management
Dietary therapy
Renal Replacement Therapy
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Kidney transplantation
Nursing Management
Assessment
Monitor fluid balance
Monitor blood pressure
Assess edema
Monitor laboratory values
Interventions
Administer medications
Maintain dietary restrictions
Fluid restriction
Prevent infection
Skin care
Monitor dialysis access
Patient Education
Medication adherence
Diet modification
Fluid management
Smoking cessation
Dialysis care
Nutrition Management
Low sodium diet
Potassium restriction
Phosphorus restriction
Protein regulation
Fluid restriction
Adequate caloric intake
Prevention
Early detection of kidney disease
Blood pressure control
Glycemic control
Healthy lifestyle
Avoid nephrotoxic drugs
Regular screening in high-risk patients
Rehabilitation and Psychosocial Support
Lifestyle adaptation
Psychological counseling
Social support
Patient self-management
Long-term follow-up care
Prognosis
Depends on
Stage of CKD
Cause of kidney disease
Presence of complications
Adherence to treatment
Outcomes
Stable kidney function
Progressive renal failure
ESRD requiring dialysis or transplant
Increased cardiovascular mortality