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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Coggle Diagram
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Definition
Cardiovascular disorder caused by reduced blood flow to the myocardium
Usually due to atherosclerosis of coronary arteries
Leads to myocardial ischemia and possible infarction
Epidemiology
Leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide
More common in older adults
Higher prevalence in males
Increased incidence with lifestyle-related diseases
Etiology
Atherosclerosis
Lipid accumulation in arterial walls
Formation of atherosclerotic plaques
Coronary artery spasm
Thrombus formation
Endothelial injury and inflammation
Risk Factors
Non-modifiable Factors
Age
Male gender
Family history
Genetic predisposition
Modifiable Factors
Hypertension
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Physical inactivity
Stress
Unhealthy diet
Excessive alcohol intake
Pathophysiology
Endothelial damage
LDL cholesterol accumulation
Inflammatory response
Plaque formation
Coronary artery narrowing
Reduced myocardial oxygen supply
Myocardial ischemia
Plaque rupture
Thrombus formation
Acute coronary syndrome
Types of CAD
Stable Angina
Predictable chest pain
Triggered by exertion
Relieved by rest or nitroglycerin
Unstable Angina
Occurs at rest
Increased frequency and severity
Medical emergency
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
STEMI
NSTEMI
Silent Ischemia
Clinical Manifestations
Chest pain (angina)
Pressure or tightness
Radiates to arm, jaw, neck, or back
Dyspnea
Fatigue
Palpitations
Diaphoresis
Nausea and vomiting
Dizziness
Syncope
Diagnostic Evaluation
History and physical examination
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Cardiac biomarkers
Troponin
CK-MB
Stress testing
Echocardiography
Coronary angiography
CT coronary angiogram
Lipid profile
Blood glucose testing
Medical Management
Pharmacologic Therapy
Nitrates
Antiplatelet agents
Anticoagulants
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel blockers
ACE inhibitors
Statins
Oxygen therapy
Pain management
Blood pressure control
Surgical and Interventional Management
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
Angioplasty
Coronary stent placement
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)
Nursing Management
Assessment
Monitor chest pain
Monitor ECG changes
Assess vital signs
Assess oxygen saturation
Interventions
Administer medications
Provide oxygen therapy
Promote rest
Reduce anxiety
Monitor for complications
Patient Education
Medication adherence
Lifestyle modification
Smoking cessation
Diet and exercise
Stress management
Complications
Myocardial infarction
Heart failure
Arrhythmias
Cardiogenic shock
Sudden cardiac death
Thromboembolism
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Healthy diet
Regular exercise
Smoking cessation
Weight management
Blood pressure control
Diabetes management
Secondary Prevention
Cardiac rehabilitation
Lipid management
Long-term medication therapy
Routine follow-up care
Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehabilitation programs
Physical activity training
Nutritional counseling
Psychological support
Risk factor modification
Prognosis
Depends on
Severity of arterial obstruction
Early diagnosis and treatment
Presence of complications
Lifestyle modifications
Outcomes
Stable disease
Progressive heart disease
Recurrent cardiac events
Mortality