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:明, Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) / Stroke - Coggle Diagram
:明
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) / Stroke
Definition
Acute neurologic deficit caused by interruption of cerebral blood flow
Results in brain tissue ischemia or hemorrhage
Neurological emergency with high morbidity and mortality
Classification
Ischemic Stroke
Accounts for ~85% of strokes
Caused by arterial occlusion
Types
Thrombotic
Embolic
Lacunar
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Accounts for ~15% of strokes
Caused by rupture of blood vessels
Types
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Temporary cerebral ischemia
Symptoms resolve within 24 hours
Warning sign for future stroke
Etiology and Risk Factors
Non-modifiable Factors
Advanced age
Male gender
Family history
Ethnicity
Previous stroke or TIA
Modifiable Factors
Hypertension
Diabetes mellitus
Hyperlipidemia
Smoking
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Alcohol consumption
Atrial fibrillation
Cardiovascular disease
Pathophysiology
Ischemic Stroke
Reduced cerebral perfusion
Oxygen deprivation
ATP depletion
Neuronal cell death
Ischemic cascade
Excitotoxicity
Calcium influx
Free radical formation
Inflammation
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Vessel rupture
Hematoma formation
Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
Compression of brain tissue
Reduced cerebral perfusion
Clinical Manifestations
Motor deficits
Hemiparesis
Hemiplegia
Sensory deficits
Numbness
Loss of sensation
Speech disturbances
Aphasia
Dysarthria
Cognitive impairment
Visual disturbances
Diplopia
Hemianopia
Dysphagia
Loss of coordination
Sudden severe headache
Altered level of consciousness
FAST Assessment
Face drooping
Arm weakness
Speech difficulty
Time to seek emergency care
Diagnostic Evaluation
Physical and neurological examination
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
CT Scan
Detects hemorrhage
MRI
Detects ischemic changes
Cerebral angiography
Carotid Doppler ultrasound
ECG and echocardiography
Laboratory tests
CBC
Blood glucose
Coagulation profile
Electrolytes
Medical Management
Emergency Management
Airway stabilization
Oxygen therapy
Blood pressure monitoring
Intravenous access
Ischemic Stroke Treatment
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
Mechanical thrombectomy
Antiplatelet therapy
Anticoagulants
Hemorrhagic Stroke Treatment
Blood pressure control
Surgical intervention
ICP reduction
Seizure management
Nursing Management
Acute Nursing Care
Monitor neurological status
Assess vital signs
Maintain airway patency
Prevent aspiration
Positioning
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Prevent Complications
Pressure ulcer prevention
DVT prophylaxis
Fall prevention
Infection prevention
Rehabilitation Support
Mobility assistance
Communication support
Nutritional support
Patient and family education
Complications
Cerebral edema
Increased intracranial pressure
Aspiration pneumonia
Deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
Seizures
Depression
Permanent disability
Rehabilitation
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Speech and language therapy
Cognitive rehabilitation
Psychosocial support
Community reintegration
Prevention
Primary Prevention
Blood pressure control
Healthy diet
Exercise
Smoking cessation
Diabetes management
Lipid control
Secondary Prevention
Antiplatelet therapy
Anticoagulants
Lifestyle modification
Regular follow-up
Prognosis
Depends on
Type of stroke
Severity
Time to treatment
Age and comorbidities
Possible outcomes
Full recovery
Residual deficits
Long-term disability
Death