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(5. Chartism (1838–1848) ⭐, 7. Later Reform (1848–1880), 8. Overall Change…
5. Chartism (1838–1848) ⭐
Causes
no vote for workers
poverty
Six Points
universal male suffrage
secret ballot
equal constituencies
pay MPs
annual parliaments
no property requirement
Methods
petitions
protests
Failure
government opposition
divisions
Importance
influenced later reforms
7. Later Reform (1848–1880)
Industrial Revolution
urban growth
poor conditions
Trade unions
workers organise
Second Reform Act (1867)
more working men vote
electorate expands
Secret Ballot Act (1872)
voting becomes private
less corruption
8. Overall Change in Democracy
1780s → no democracy
1832 → limited reform
1848 → pressure continues
1867–1872 → major expansion of voting rights
1. Pressure for Change (1780–1815)
French Revolution (1789)
inspired reformers
scared government
Radical ideas grow
demand voting reform
better rights for workers
Government repression
spies
censorship
arrests
2. Protest and Unrest (1815–1832)
Peterloo Massacre (1819)
peaceful protest attacked
cavalry charged crowd
increased reform pressure
Six Acts (1819)
limited protests
restricted meetings/press
Economic problems
unemployment
high food prices
6. Wales: Rebecca Riots (1839–1843) ⭐
Causes
toll gates unfair
rural poverty
Events
men disguised as women
toll gates destroyed
Results
some reforms
showed rural anger
3. Reform of Parliament
Great Reform Act (1832)
rotten boroughs removed
middle class gets vote
working class still excluded
Reasons for reform
pressure from middle class
fear of revolution
industrial growth
4. Working-Class Protest (1830s–1840s)
Swing Riots (1830)
farm machine destruction
wages protest
Tolpuddle Martyrs (1834)
trade union punished
public outrage → release