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Chapter 19 + Chapter 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - DNA or RNA
      - viral genome
    - - protein coat
      - protects genetic material
    - - membrane covering
      - helps enter host cell
  - - - host cell lyses
      - new viruses released
    - - viral DNA stays in host
      - prophage forms
    - - RNA or DNA viruses
      - may have envelope
      - glycoproteins attach to host
    - - HIV
        
        reverse transcriptase
        
        RNA → DNA
    - - vaccines
      - prevent infection
      - stimulate immune system
    - - slow viral replication
      - do not fully cure
- - - - cocci
        
        sphere-shaped
      - bacilli
        
        rod-shaped
      - spirals
        
        spiral-shaped
    - - protection
      - maintains shape
      - prevents bursting
    - - gram-positive
      - peptidoglycan
      - gram-negative
    - - no peptidoglycan
      - proteins/polysaccharides
    - - protection
      - helps attach to surfaces
      - capsule/slime layer
      - fimbriae
        
        attachment
      - pili
        
        DNA transfer
      - flagella
        
        movement
        
        taxis
- - - - ne cell divides
      - two identical cells
    - - short generation time
      - rapid population growth
    - - DNA changes
      - new alleles
      - genetic variation
      - important because
      - large populations
      - fast evolution
  - - - spreads useful genes
      - increases diversity
  - - - phage transfers DNA
      - bacterial genes moved
    - - F plasmid
      - R plasmid
        
        antibiotic resistance
      - DNA transfer through pilus
    - - takes DNA from environment
      - new traits
- - - - use light energy
    - - use chemical energy
    - - use CO₂ as carbon source
    - - use organic carbon
  - - - need oxygen
    - - poisoned by oxygen
    - - use oxygen if present
      - can survive without it
  - - - proteobacteria
      - cyanobacteria
      - gram-positive bacteria
    - - extremophiles
        
        extreme halophiles
        
        extreme thermophiles
      - methanogens
        
        produce methane
  - - - decomposers
      - recycle nutrients
      - carbon/nitrogen cycles
    - - N₂ → usable nitrogen
      - helps plants
    - - Lyme disease
      - cholera
      - tuberculosis
    - - food production
      - yogurt, cheese, beer
    - - PCR
      - CRISPR
    - - clean pollution