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BACTERIA AND ARCHAE - Coggle Diagram
BACTERIA AND ARCHAE
VIRUSES
Virus- an infectious particle consisting of genes packaged in a protein coat. They cannot reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of a host cell
STRUCTURE OF A VIRUS
genetic material (DNA or RNA). Viruses that initially have RNA in their genome are called retroviruses (more lethal)
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viral envelopes- derived from membranes of host cells, surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in animals
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bacteriophages- also called phages, are viruses that infect bacteria
The Lytic Cycle- Shorter duration. Results in death of host cells, shows symptoms within hours to days of exposure, virulent phage
Lysogenic cycle- longer duration, doesn't destroy host cell, temperate phageo- lysogenic + lytic acid
The integrated DNA is known as prophage, not permanent
Viral Structure
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The viral DNA trait is integrated into the host genome is called a provirus, permanent
Cell-Surface Structures
peptidoglycan- a network of sugar polymers cross-
linked by polypeptides that bacteria cell walls contain
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gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
Capsule: dense, well-defined, difficult to remove
Slime layer: loose, not well-defined, easy to remove
endospores- metabolically inactive when water or nutrients are lacking. The way bacteria can survive under harsh conditions
fimbriae- hairlike appendages that allow prokaryotes to stick to their structures or other individuals in a colony. Attachment: long, thin structures
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MOBILITY
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Flagella and cilia are for movement; some prokaryotes have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions- infoldings.
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Genetic Differences
transformation- cells incorporate foreign DNA taken up from their surroundings. Can make nonharmful bacteria dangerous
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Conjunction- F+ to F-, sex pili is utilized
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Prions- infectious proteins that appear to cause degenerative brain diseases in animals. Incorrectly folded proteins, can be transmitted in food, acts slowly, virtually indestructible
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why do bacteria thrive? small size and rapid reproduction, mutations, diverse adaptations, rapid evolution
SHAPES OF BACTERIA
3 different shapes- bacillus, coccus, and spirillum
Organization- staph, clumps. Strept, chains.
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