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Chapter 19 and 27 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 19 and 27
Cell Surface Structures
The cell wall maintains shape, protects the cell, and it prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment
Most bacterial cell walls instead contain peptidoglycan, a network of sugar polymers crosslinked by polypeptides
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Gram negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
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Some prokaryotes have hairlike appendages called fimbriae that allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony
Pili or sex pili are longer than fimbriae and function to pull cells together enabling the exchange of DNA
Lysogenic Cycle
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Some prophages are expressed during lysogeny, and some cause the host bacteria to secrete toxins that are harmful to humans
Viral Genetic Material
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HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
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Capsids and Envelopes
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Viral envelopes (derived from membranes of host cells) surround the capsids of influenza viruses and many other viruses found in animals
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Bacteriophages, also called phages, are viruses that infect bacteria
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Lytic Cycle
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The Lytic Cycle produces new phages and lyses(break open) the host's cells wall, releasing progeny viruses
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The Role of Oxygen
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Obligate Anaerobes are poisoned by O2 and live by fermentation or use substances other than O2 for anerobic respiration
Facultative anaerobes can use O2 if it is present or carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if not
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