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Chapters 19 & 27 - Coggle Diagram
Chapters 19 & 27
19.2
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Lytic cycle
A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.
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Lysogenic cycle
A type of phage replicative cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage.
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Retroviruses
An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome.
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27.5
Decomposers
An organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore.
Symbiosis
An ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact.
Host
The larger participant in a symbiotic relationship, often providing a home and food source for the smaller symbiont.
Symbiont
The smaller participant in a symbiotic relationship, living in or on the host.
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Commensalism
A positive-neutral ecological interaction that benefits the individuals of one species but neither harms nor helps the individuals of the other species.
Parasitism
A positive-negative ecological interaction in which one organism, the parasite, benefits by feeding upon another organism, the host, which is harmed.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on the cell contents, tissues, or body fluids of another species (the host) while in or on the host organism. Parasites harm but usually do not kill their host.
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27.1
Peptidoglycan
A type of polymer in bacterial cell walls consisting of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Gram stain
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Gram-positive
Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally less complex and contains more peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Gram-negative
Describing the group of bacteria that have a cell wall that is structurally more complex and contains less peptidoglycan than the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria.
Capsule
In many prokaryotes, a dense and well-defined layer of polysaccharide or protein that surrounds the cell wall and is sticky, protecting the cell and enabling it to adhere to substrates or other cells.
Endospores
A thick-coated, resistant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions.
Fimbriae
A short, hairlike appendage of a prokaryotic cell that helps it adhere to the substrate or to other cells.
Pili
In bacteria, a structure that links one cell to another at the start of conjugation; also called a sex pilus or conjugation pilus.
27.3
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Anaerobic respiration
A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the “downhill” end of electron transport chains.
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Heterocysts
A specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some filamentous cyanobacteria; also called a heterocyte.
Biofilms
A surface-coating colony of one or more species of unicellular organisms that engage in metabolic cooperation.
19.3
Vaccine
A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen.
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27.4
Extreme halophiles
An organism that lives in a highly saline environment, such as the Great Salt Lake or the Dead Sea.
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Extremophiles
An organism that lives in environmental conditions so extreme that few other species can survive there.
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27.2
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Conjugation
In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
F factor
In bacteria, the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient.
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27.6
Exotoxins
A toxic protein that is secreted by a prokaryote or other pathogen and that produces specific symptoms, even if the pathogen is no longer present.
Endotoxins
A toxic component of the outer membrane of certain gram-negative bacteria that is released only when the bacteria die.
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19.1
Capsid
The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
Viral envelopes
A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.