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Definitions of Terms - Coggle Diagram
Definitions of Terms
Prevalence
measures how much of a disease is present in a population at a given time
Point Prevalence
measures the proportion of people who have the disease at one specific point in time
PP = number of cases/ total population at that time
Period Prevalence
measures how many people had the disease at any time during a specified interval
PP = number of cases/ average population during time period
Controlling for confounding
Matching
involves selecting a comparison group (controls) that is identical to the index group (cases) with respect to specific potential confounders
Each case is paired with one or more specific controls (individual matching)
You ensure the distribution of the trait is the same (e.g., if 30% of your cases are male, you ensure 30% of your controls are male). (Frequency Matching)
Restriction
involves setting strict "eligibility criteria" for the study
exclude anyone who has a trait that might act as a confounder.
Random sampling and randomization
Random Sampling
who is in your study
used to ensure that your study participants are a fair representation of the broader population
Randomization
what happens to them once they are in
used in experimental studies (like RCTs) to ensure that the groups you are comparing are identical at the start of the study