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EMERGENCIES - Coggle Diagram
EMERGENCIES
Respiratory emergencies
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Laryngeal paralysis
= failure of arytenoid cartilages to abduct during inspiration > airway obstruction + respiratory distress
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Pneumonia ab-ingestis
= acute inflammatory + infectious lung disease by inhalation of gastric contents, saliva, food, or foreign material into lower airways
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GI emergencies
Peritonitis
= severe infl of peritoneal cavity, usually due to bacterial contamination from GI perforation or abdominal surgery complications
Esophageal obstruction
= acute blockage of esophagus by foreign material preventing normal passage of food + saliva > often regurgitation + risk of aspiration
Pancreatitis
= acute infl of pancreas > autodigestion, systemic inflammatory response, abdominal pain, and potential multiorgan dysfct
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Intestinal obstruction
= mechanical or functional blockage of intestinal transit > fluid accumulation, ischemia, and risk of perforation
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Spleen torsion
= rotation of spleen around its vascular pedicle > congestion, ischemia, and possible necrosis
Evisceration
= protrusion of abdominal organs through a surgical or traumatic wound > tissue exposure, risk of contamination
Neurological emergencies
Coma
= prolonged state of unconsciousness w complete abs of awareness + non-responsive behavior, from severe dysfct of brainstem or cerebral cortex
Seizures
= transient episodes of abnormal, excessive neuronal activity in brain > sudden, involuntary motor, sensory, autonomic, or behavioral abnormalities
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Head trauma
= acute injury to skull and/or brain > structural damage, hemorrhage, and variable neurological impairment
Vestibular syndrome
= dysfunction of vestibular system > acute balance disorders as head tilt, ataxia, nystagmus, and loss of equilibrium
Stroke
= sudden neurological deficit by interruption of cerebral blood flow, due to ischemia or intracranial hemorrhage
Acute paraplegia
= sudden loss of voluntary motor fct in pelvic limbs, usually due to acute spinal cord injury or vascular compromise
CV emergencies
Acute heart failure
= sudden inability of heart to pump enough blood to maintain adequate tissue perfusion > rapid circulatory and/or respiratory compromise (ex: pulmonary edema, shock, collapse)
Acute cardiomyopathy
= sudden severe dysfct of heart muscle > decreased cardiac output, arrhythmias, or acute congestive heart failure
Syncope
= temporary loss of consciousness (fainting) by temporary reduction of cerebral blood flow > spontaneous recovery
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Pericardial effusions
= abnormal accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac > may compress heart + impair cardiac filling (cardiac tamponade)
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Endocrine emergencies
Diabetes
= chronic endocrine disorder: persistent hyperglycemia due to inadequate insulin secretion or insulin resistance > metabolic dysfct
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Hypoglycemia
= abnormally low blood glucose C° > neuroglycopenic signs as weakness, seizures, and possible coma
Hyperadrenocorticism
= endocrine disorder by chronic excessive cortisol secretion (pituitary or adrenal origin) > systemic metabolic, immune, and CV effects
Hypercalcemia
= abnormally elevated blood calcium C° > GI, renal, CV, and neurological dysfct
Hypocalcemia
= abnormally low blood calcium C° > neuromuscular excitability, tremors, tetany, and potentially life-threatening seizures or collapse
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Urinary emergencies
Hematuria
= intact RBCs in urine due to bleeding within urinary tract (kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra) --> local infl, trauma, infection, or neoplasia
Hemobloginuria
= excretion of free Hb in urine secondary to intravascular hemolysis when Hb exceeds plasma-binding capacity > dark-red to brown urine without intact RBCs
Acute renal failure
= sudden loss of renal excretory fct: abrupt decline in glomerular filtration rate > azotemia, electrolyte disturbances, fluid imbalance, and potential uremic toxemia
Road accidents + falls
= traumatic injuries by vehicular accidents or falls > fractures, hemorrhage, shock, or organ damage