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Endocrine System Giselle Gonzalez P.3 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Giselle Gonzalez P.3
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Maintains Homeostasis by:
keeping body in balance, regulating internal conditions such as temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose, and water balance.
Regulates Metabolism:
controls how fast the body converts food into energy, mainly controlled by thyroid hormones.
Controls Growth/ Development:
stimulates bone growth and muscle development, important during childhood and puberty
Regulates reproduction:
controls menstrual cycle, sperm production, pregnancy, and puberty
Coordinates sleep and stress response
: helps body react to danger/stress, activates fight or flight response, regulates circadian rhythms using melatonin.
Major Endocrine Glands/Functions
Hypothalamus
: links nervous system to endocrine system, controls pituitary gland, maintains Body temp, hunger, thirst and sleep.
stores ADH in pituitary oxytocin stored pituitary
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Growth Hormone (GH) Target: Bones & muscles Function: Stimulates growth and protein synthesis
TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone) → targets thyroid gland; stimulates thyroid hormone release
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) → targets adrenal cortex; stimulates cortisol release
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) → targets ovaries/testes; stimulates egg and sperm production
LH (Luteinizing Hormone) → targets ovaries/testes; triggers ovulation and testosterone production
Prolactin → targets mammary glands; stimulates milk production
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
→ targets kidneys; increases water reabsorption and decreases urine output
Oxytocin
→ targets uterus and mammary glands; stimulates labor contractions and milk ejection
Abdominal region
Epinephrine (Adrenaline
) → targets heart, lungs, and muscles; increases heart rate and energy during stress
Norepinephrine
→ targets blood vessels and heart; raises blood pressure and alertness
Steroid vs. Non-Steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones; lipid based, pass thru membrane, slow response, long lasting effect
Testosterone
Estrogen
Progesterone
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Nonsteroid hormones: protein/amino acid based, bind to receptors on membrane, fast response, short lasting effects
Insulin
Glucagon
Oxytocin
ADH
Epinephrine
Growth Hormone
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback; reverses a change to keep balance, most common EX; High blood sugar → pancreas releases insulin → cells absorb glucose → blood sugar decreases
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Amplifies a change until process ends
Example: Childbirth
Baby pushes on cervix → oxytocin released → stronger contractions → more oxytocin released
Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
Diabetes Mellitus → caused by insulin deficiency/resistance; symptoms include high blood sugar, thirst, fatigue, and frequent urination
Hyperthyroidism → caused by excess thyroid hormones; symptoms include weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness
Addison’s Disease → caused by low cortisol/aldosterone; symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and low blood pressure