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Yuridia Sigala P.3: Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Yuridia Sigala P.3: Endocrine System
Major functions of the Endocrine System:
Overview: acts with the nervous system to coordinate and integrate activity of the body cells
study of hormones and endorcine
Controls: Reproduction, Growth Development, maintenance of electrolytes, water, nutrient balance of blood, regulate of cellular metabolism and energy balance. mobilization of body defenses
Reproduction: Coordinating reproductive processes
Growth and Development: Regulating physical maturation
Blood Chemistry Balance: Maintaining electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance
Cellular Metabolism: Regulating energy balance
Body Defenses: Mobilizing the body’s immune and stress responses
Steroid vs. Non-Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones
Properties: Lipid-soluble; synthesized from cholesterol; not stored in cells (release depends on synthesis rate
Action: Diffuse through the plasma membrane to bind intracellular receptors, triggering direct gene transcription
List: Gonadal hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone) and Adrenocortical hormones (Aldosterone, Cortisol)
Non-Steroid (Amino Acid–Based) Hormones:
Properties: Water-soluble (except thyroid hormone); include amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
Action: Bind to plasma membrane receptors and use second-messenger systems (e.g., cAMP via G proteins) to alter cell activity
List: Epinephrine, Insulin, Glucagon, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, ADH, Oxytocin
Regional Endocrine Glands (Hormones, Targets, & Functions)
A. Head/Brain Region
Pineal Gland: Located in the roof of the third ventricle. Secretes Melatonin, which affects day/night cycles, sleep, appetite, and the timing of puberty
Hypothalamus: The "neuroendocrine organ" that controls the pituitary via releasing/inhibiting hormones (GHRH, GHIH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH)
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis): Stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus.
Oxytocin: Targets the Uterus/Breast for labor contractions and milk ejection (Positive Feedback). Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH/Vasopressin): Targets Kidney tubules to reabsorb water and inhibit urine formation
Anterior Pituitary (Adenohypophysis): Glandular tissue that secretes six major peptide hormones.
Growth Hormone (GH): Targets Liver, Bone, and Muscle to promote growth and fat breakdown
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Targets the Thyroid to release thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Targets the Adrenal Cortex to release corticosteroids (Cortisol)
FSH & LH (Gonadotropins): Target the Gonads for gamete production and sex hormone release
Prolactin (PRL): Targets Breast tissue to stimulate milk production
Thorax & Abdomen Region
Thymus: Located in the thorax; secretes Thymulin, Thymopoietins, and Thymosins to develop T lymphocytes for the immune response
Adrenal Gland: Paired organs atop the kidneys
Adrenal Cortex: Secretes Aldosterone (Kidneys: Na+ reabsorption), Cortisol (Cells: stress resistance), and Androgens (Puberty/Sex drive)
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Adrenal Medulla: Secretes Epinephrine (80%) and Norepinephrine (20%) for the sympathetic "fight-or-flight" response
Pancreas: Located behind the stomach
Glucagon (Alpha cells): Targets the Liver to raise blood glucose
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Insulin (Beta cells): Targets most body cells to lower blood glucose
Pelvic Region
Ovaries/Testes: Secrete Estrogens, Progesterone, and Testosterone for maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
Neck Region
Thyroid Gland: Butterfly-shaped organ on the trachea
Thyroid Hormone (T3/T4): Targets virtually every cell to increase basal metabolic rate, heat production, and regulate tissue growth
Calcitonin: Produced by parafollicular cells; targets Bone to inhibit osteoclasts and lower blood Ca2+ at high doses
Parathyroid Glands: Tiny glands on the posterior thyroid. Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), which targets Skeleton, Kidneys, and Intestines to increase blood Ca2+ levels
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Negative Feedback: The primary method of regulation, where rising hormone levels inhibit further release (e.g., high TH inhibits TSH)
Positive Feedback: A cycle where the response increases the original stimulus (e.g., Oxytocin during labor)
Stimuli for Release
Humoral: Response to changing blood levels of ions/nutrients
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Neural: Nerve fibers stimulate release
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Hormonal: Hormones from one organ stimulate another
Target Cell Activation Factors: Depends on blood levels of the hormone, number of receptors, and binding affinity
Up-regulation: Cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
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Down-regulation: Cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
Endocrine Diseases
Pituitary Disorders: Diabetes insipidus (ADH deficiency), Gigantism/Acromegaly (GH excess), and Pituitary dwarfism (GH deficit
Thyroid Disorders: Myxedema (Adult hyposecretion), Goiter (Iodine deficiency), Graves’ disease (Hypersecretion/Autoimmune), and Exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
Adrenal Disorders: Cushing’s syndrome (Cortisol excess/ "Moon face") and Addison’s disease (Deficit in glucocorticoids/mineralocorticoids)
Pancreatic Disorders: Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1: Insulin deficit; Type 2: Insulin resistance). Cardinal signs: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia