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chapter 19 and 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - parasitism, an organism called a parasiteharms but does not usually kill its host
        
        pathogens -Parasites that cause disease
  - - - *Endotoxins * are lipopolysaccharide components of
        the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria- For example -endotoxins released by species in the
        genus Salmonella cause food poisoning
    - - bioremediation -the use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil,
        air, or water For example =bacteria that metabolize oil can be
        used to increase the breakdown of oil following a
        spill.
- - - - prophage - The integrated viral DNA
    - - virulent phage - A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle
      - lysogenic cycle - replicates the phage genome
        without destroying the host
        
        temperate phages - Phages that use both the lytic and lysogenic cycles
        
        restriction enzymes - Foreign DNA can be identified as such and cut up by cellular enzymes
    - - HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) -
        
        retrovirus that causes AIDS (acquired
        
        immunodeficiency syndrome)
      - provirus - The viral DNA that is integrated into the host
        genome
  - - - pandemic - global epidemic
- - - - Pili - are longer than fimbriae and
        function to pull cells together enabling the
        exchange of DNA
        
        taxis - the ability
        to move toward or away from a stimulus , example - chemotaxis
  - - - Gram-positive - bacteria have simpler walls with a
        large amount of peptidoglycan
        
        gram-negative - bacteria have less
        peptidoglycan and are more complex with an outer
        membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides
  - - - transduction - phages (from “bacteriophages,”
        viruses that infect bacteria) carry prokaryotic genes
        from one host cell to another
        
        Conjugation - is the process through which DNA is
        transferred between two prokaryotic cells
    - - F plasmid - (F+ cells) function
        as DNA donors
        
        R plasmids - Antibiotics kill most bacteria, but not those with R plasmids, plasmids that carry resistance genes.
- - - - anaerobic respiration - use substances other than O2 for
        anaerobic respiration
        
        Facultative anaerobes - can use O2 if it is present or
        carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration if not