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Endocrine System Nanami Terrell P3 - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Nanami Terrell P3
Diseases Associated with the Endocrine System
Dwarfism is caused by a GH deficiency nd symptoms include short stature
Cushing's syndrome is caused by excess cortisol and symptoms include weight gain and high blood pressure
Gigantism is caused by excess GH in childhood and symptoms are abnormally tall growth
Addison's Disease is caused by low cortisol/aldosterone and symptoms include fatigue and low blood pressure
Hypothyroidism is also caused by an overactive thyroid leading to weight loss and rapid heartbreat
Hypothyroidism is caused by an underactive thyroid and symptoms include weight gain and fatigue thyroid
Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and symptoms include high blood sugar and obesity
Goiter is caused by an enlarged thyroid and symptoms include neck swelling
Type 1 diabetes is caused by lack of insulin production and systems include high blood sugar and fatigue
Homeostatic Mechanisms of Hormone Regulation
Negative feedback (reverses changes to maintain balance in the body)
Example: Thyroid Regulation
Low thyroid hormone → pituitary releases TSH → thyroid releases T3/T4
High T3/T4 levels inhibit further TSH release
Example: Blood Glucose Regulation
High blood sugar → pancreas releases insulin → glucose decreases
Low blood sugar → pancreas releases glucagon → glucose increases
Positive feedback (increases or amplifies a change until a process is complete)
Example:Childbirth: Oxytocin causes uterine contraction, contractions stimulate more oxytocin release and the cycle continues until birth occurs
Example: Blood Clotting: Platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets and the process continues until clot forms
Steroid vs. Non- steroid Hormones
Steroid hormones
Duration: longer lasting
Speed of action: Slower
Receptior Location: Inside cell
Solubility: Fat soluble
Composition: Lipids/cholesterol
Hormones
Estrogen
Progesterone
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Cortisol
Non-Steroid Hormones
Receptor location: On cell membrane
Speed of action : faster
Solubility:Water soluble
Duration: short term
Conmposition; Proteins or amino acids
Hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Epinephrine
Oxytocin
ADH
growth hormone
TSH
FSH
LH
Prolactin
Calcotonin
PTH
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs and Their functions
Brain region
Hormones
ADH and oxytocin produced here
releasing and inhibiting hormones
Target organs
Pineal Gland
melatonin- targets brain and stimulates sleep
Pituitary Gland
Anterior hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) stimulates cortisol release and targets the adrenal cortex
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) is gamete production and targets the ovaries/testes
Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates thyroid and targets the thyroid gland
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is ovulation/testosterone release and targets the ovaries/testes
Growth Hormone (GH) stimulates body growth and targets bones and muscles
Prolactin is milk production and targets the mammary glands
Posterior hormones
ADH is water retention targeting the kidneys
Oxytocin is labor contractions and milk release targeting the uterus/mammary glands
Hypothalamus
Links the nervous system to the endocrine system
Controls the pituitary gland through releasing hormones
Helps regulate body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and homeostasis
Neck/ Thoracic region
Parathyroid glands- maintain calcium balance
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels and targets bones, kidneys and intestines
Thyroid gland- controls metabolism, growth and heat production
hormones
Calcitonin- Lowers body calcium and targets bones
T3 and T4- Increase metabolism and target body cells
Thymus- Important for immune system developement in childhood
Its hormone is Thymosin and targets T lymphocytes
Abdominal region
Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone is sodium/water retention and targets the kidneys
Androgens aresecondary sex traits that target various tissues
Cortisol is stress response and raises blood glucose targeting tissues
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine is the fight or flight response that targets the heart, lungs and muscles
norepinephrine increases alertness/blood pressure and targets blood vessels
Pancreas- regulates blood glucose level
Insulin, lowers blood glucose and focuses on the liver, muscle and fat
Glucagon raises blood glucose and targets the liver
Pelvic Region
Ovaries
Progesterone maintains pregnancy and targets the uterus
Estrogen are female traits/menstrual cycle and target reproductive organs
Testes
Testosterone, male traits land sperm production that target reproductive organs and muscles
Major functions of the Endocrine system
maintaining homeostasis
controlling reproduction and sexual development
regulating metabolism and energy use
managing stress responses
controlling growth and development
balancing fluids and electrolytes
coordinating body activities with the nervous system.