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Jessica Velazquez, Period 3 The Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Function: Controls the pituitary gland via releasing and inhibiting hormones
    - - Melatonin: Regulates day/night sleep cycles and timing of puberty, targets various brain centers
    - - Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis): Stores neurohormones produced by the hypothalamus
        
        Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Targets kidney tubules to reabsorb water and prevent urine formation
        
        Oxytocin: Targets the uterus (contractions) and breasts (milk ejection)
      - Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis): Glandular tissue secreting "tropic" hormones that regulate other glands
        
        Growth Hormone (GH): Targets the liver, bone, and skeletal muscle to stimulate somatic growth
        
        Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): Targets the thyroid gland to release metabolic hormones
        
        Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Targets the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
        
        Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Target gonads to regulate gamete and sex hormone production
        
        Prolactin (PRL): Targets breast secretory tissue to promote lactation
  - - - Thyroid Hormone (T3 & T4): Targets nearly all body cells to increase metabolic rate
      - Calcitonin: Targets bone to inhibit osteoclasts and lower blood calcium
    - - Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Targets bone, kidneys, and intestines to raise blood calcium levels
  - - - Thymosins/Thymopoietins: Target T lymphocytes for immune system development
    - - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP): Targets kidneys to decrease sodium reabsorption, lowering blood pressure
  - - - Adrenal Cortex (Outer):
        
        Aldosterone: Targets kidneys to retain sodium and water, raising blood pressure
        
        Cortisol: Targets most body cells to resist stress and increase blood glucose
      - Adrenal Medulla (Inner):
        
        Epinephrine & Norepinephrine: Target heart, lungs, and blood vessels for "fight-or-flight"
      - Pancreas:
        
        Insulin: Targets liver, muscle, and fat cells to lower blood glucose
        
        Glucagon: Targets the liver to release glucose into the blood
  - - - Estrogens & Progesterone: Target reproductive organs for maturation and the uterine cycle
    - - Testosterone: Targets reproductive organs and muscle for male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production
- - - - Derived from cholesterol
    - - Amino acids, peptides, or proteins
  - - - Water-soluble (cannot cross membranes)
    - - Lipid-soluble (can cross membranes)
  - - - Bind to intracellular receptors to trigger direct gene activation
    - - Bind to plasma membrane receptors via second-messengers
  - - - Most hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH, Insulin, Glucagon, Epinephrine
    - - Gonadal (Estrogen, Testosterone) and Adrenocortical (Cortisol, Aldosterone)
  - - - Thyroid Hormone is amino acid-based but lipid-soluble
    - - N/A