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Dental Radiograph Technique - Coggle Diagram
Dental Radiograph Technique
Radiation Physics
Ionizing Radiation: High-energy, short-wavelength radiation capable of removing electrons to form ions, which causes chemical and biological changes in tissues.
Classification:
Electromagnetic: No mass or charge (e.g., X-rays, gamma rays).
Particulate: Has mass (e.g., alpha, beta, neutrons).
Sources of Radiation:
Natural (Background): Cosmic rays, indoor radon, terrestrial (soil/rocks), and internal isotopes (potassium-40).
Artificial (Man-made): Dental/medical X-rays, radiotherapy, and nuclear power.
X-ray Production: Occurs in a vacuum-sealed tube where heated cathode filaments release electrons (thermionic emission) that strike a tungsten anode.
Efficiency: ~99% energy is heat, ~1% is X-ray photons.
Processes: Bremsstrahlung (braking radiation) and Characteristic radiation.
Radiation Biology
Interactions: Radiation transfers energy to atoms, causing ionization that damages DNA, changes cell function, or causes cell death.
Mechanisms of Damage:
Direct Effect: Radiation hits DNA directly, breaking chemical bonds.
Indirect Effect: Radiation splits water molecules to form free radicals that attack DNA.
Sensitivity: Rapidly dividing cells (bone marrow, skin, reproductive cells) are most sensitive.
Radiation Protection & Regulation
Three Core Principles (ICRP):
Justification: Benefit must outweigh risk.
Optimization (ALARA): Keeping doses "As Low As Reasonably Achievable".
Dose Limitation: Ensuring no one exceeds safe threshold limits.
Clinical Safety: Use of aluminum filtration (removes "soft" X-rays), rectangular collimation, fast receptors (F-speed or digital), and distancing (at least 1.5m).
Indonesian Regulation: Governed by BAPETEN (Regulation No. 4 of 2020) to ensure licensing, radiation protection, and dose limitation.
Radiographic Techniques
Intraoral Techniques:
Periapical: Shows entire tooth (crown to apex) for lesions or root morphology.
Parallel Technique: Accurate, preferred standard.
Bisecting Angle: Used for difficult placement (shallow palate, gag reflex).
Bitewing: Shows upper/lower crowns simultaneously; best for interproximal caries and bone level.
Occlusal: Used for large areas, impacted teeth, or salivary stones.
Extraoral Techniques:
Panoramic (OPG): Broad view of jaws, TMJ, and all teeth.
Cephalometric: Standardized views for orthodontic measurements.
Waters Projection: Primarily for evaluating maxillary sinuses and midfacial fractures.
Quality & Errors
Acceptability Criteria: Proper density/contrast, sharpness, complete coverage (entire tooth plus 2–3mm bone for periapicals), and minimal distortion.
Common Errors:
Horizontal Angulation: Incorrect side-to-side aim causes overlapping contacts.
Vertical Angulation:
Too shallow = Elongation (teeth look too long).
Too steep = Foreshortening (teeth look too short).
Beam Alignment: Misalignment causes cone cut (part of image missing).