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evidence of social inequalities - Coggle Diagram
evidence of social inequalities
male disadvantage
crime
campbell- men who are denied their masculinity turn to violence and antischool subcultures
faludi- males engage in criminal behaviour are not deviant but instead "practicing their masculinity" through toughness, bravery and strength
media
sewell- black carribean boys from matriarchal households who lack male role models/ father figures turn to rapper role models that lead to deviant, anti-school cultures.
easthorpe- media premotes masculinity based off strength, agression, competition and violence being biologically determined.
education
willis- working class lads expect to be in low wage, low status, manual labour jobs; leading to them developing anti school subcultures.
department of education- 72% of female students achieve grade 4 or higher at gcse, compared to 62% of boys
workplace
dermott- men have to work longer hours than women, regardless of their status as a father
health and safety executive- 95% of all work fatalities are men
female disadvantage
crime
ONS- 186 women are killed by a current or ex partner every year
leonard- judges label women as doubly deviant as they are not only breaking the law but also gender roles, leading to harsher punishment.
media
tushman- "symbollic annihilation". of women due to the narrow range of roles, leading to omittion, trivialisation or condemnation.
mulvey- the "male gaze" refers to women in the media being viewed through the eyes of a hetero man that paints women as objects of desire.
education
skelton- the hidden curriculum negitively influences girls subject choices through teachers attitudes.
kelly- science is presented as a boys subject as they dominate the classroom and examples given in textbooks lean towards their interests.
workplace
finantial times- if a man and woman worked the same job for a calendar year, the woman would work for free from the 30th of november due to pay gaps.
adkins- evidence of vertical and horizontal segregation in themeparks where women in catering roles face regular sexual harrassment from both staff and customers.
working class disadvantage
crime
coles- crime is disproportionally commited and prosecuted among the working class and poor
harding- street casinos refer to working class boys turning to crime for income and to gain streat capital (through deviant/criminal acts)
media
price- poverty porn (shows such as benifit street) exploit the underclass and is used to shock and entertain higher social classes.
milliband- the media acts as the new opium of the people therefore destracting the working class from actual issues such as coruption and exploitation
education
bourdieu- the education system is bias towards dominant class cultures (middle), devaluating the knowledge/ skill of the working class through the hidden curriculum.
department of education- in 2022-2023, only 43% of FSM students achieved 4 or above compared to 71% of non-FSM students.
workplace
willis- working class males expect futures in basic manual labour jobs like their fathers, limiting their aspirations
ONS- top 10% of earners have over 6x higher income than the bottom 10% after both tax and benifits.
ethnic disadvantage
workplace
wood et al- ethnic minority names need on average 16 applications before positive results compared to white sounding names that only require 9
parkin- ethnic minorities face a concreate ceiling as the majority use social closure to prevent them from reaching positions of power and authority.
education
mirza- black girls face institutional racism and negitive labeling from teachers that potentially limits achievement
gillborn- black boys face institutional racism at schools as they are put into lower sets and entered into low tiered exams therefore limiting their future opportunaties.
media
alexander- asian youths were unfairly targetted by the police and media, creating a moral panic around the myth of the asian gang as a result of islamiphobia
van dijk- the media stereotypes black people as criminals, abnormal, threats, unimportant or dependent; therefore shaping peoples oppinions and views of them.
crime
lammy report- 40% of young people in custody come from BAME backgrounds, and overall numbers of BAME prisoners has increased by 41%
social trends servays- black people are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched compared to white people.
youth disadvantage
workplace
ritzer- young people are often in zero hour contracts called "mcjobs" due to them being unstimulating, low wage and often within the service industry.
ONS- 40% of workers between the ages of 16-24 were in low paid roles and the youth are also 2x more likely to be in tempory roles.
health
young peoples health- 75% of mental health problems start before the age of 24 but only 0.7% of NHS funding goes into young peoples mental health
the guardian- by 2037, young people may be asked to do unpaid caring labour for aging parents: exploiting them to normalise underfunded healthcare.
media
cohen- negitive labeling of youths made them folk devils that threatened social morals
griffin- youths are labeled as dysfunctional, deviant and in a deficit.
crime
harding- street casino refers to working class boys turning to crime for income to gain street capital (through deviant/criminal acts
youth endowment fund- 16% of childeren were victims of violence in 2023 and 43% have either been a victim or a witnesss of violence.
elderly disadvantage
workplace
barron and norris- elderly people are more likely to be found in the secondary labour market, doing low paying, low status jobs with little benifits.
national pensioners convention- 1/5 older people live below the poverty line, primarily females living alone.
health
greengross- NHS has institutional agism as they will offer the elderly end of life care instead of clinical treatment that could allow them to live longer.
royal collage of surgeons and Age UK- in some UK areas, no one over 75 is offered crutial surgery for breast cancer dispite legal change made in 2012
media
landis- media representations are one dimentional stereotypes of older people such as them being grumpy, sickly and mentally dificiant
carrigan and szmigin- older people are often ignored in advertising or stereotyped as caricatures, presented as smelly, old and dependant
crime
finantial times- the number of over 60s in jail topped 4000 with soaring cases of dementure and hypertension among inmates
age UK- financial loss for older victims targeted by fraud scams were almost 2x as much per scam compared to younger groups.