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Chapter 19 and 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - -a membranous outer layer—uses it to enter the host cell.
        -Ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the host cell make the protein parts of the envelope glycoproteins; cellular enzymes in the ER and Golgi apparatus then add the sugars.
        -the viral envelope is usually derived from the host cell’s plasma membrane, although all or most of the molecules of this membrane are specified by viral genes.
    - - Retroviruses - An RNA virus that replicates by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses.
        Reverse transcriptase - An enzyme encoded by certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
        HIV - The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus.
        
        AIDS - The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections.
        Provirus - A viral genome that is permanently inserted into a host genome.
  - - - Lysogenic Cycle - A type of phage replicative cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage, is replicated along with the chromosome, and does not kill the host.
        Temperate phage - A phage that is capable of replicating by either a lytic or lysogenic cycle.
        Prophage - A phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on a bacterial chromosome.
    - - Restriction enzymes - An endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). The enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites).
    - - Lytic Cycle - A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell.
        Virulent phage - A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle.
- - - - -genomes may consist of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA, depending on the type of virus.
        -genome is usually organized as a single linear or circular molecule of nucleic acid, although the genomes of some viruses consist of multiple molecules of nucleic acid
        -bacterial genomes contain about 200 to a few thousand genes.
    - - Capsid - The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape.
        Capsomeres - large number of protein subunits
        Viral envelopes - A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome.
        Bacteriophages - viruses that infect bacteria
- - - - Transformation - genotype and possibly phenotype of a prokaryotic cell are altered by the uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
        Transduction - A process in which phages (viruses) carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another.
        
        accident in phage replication cycle
    - - Conjugation - DNA is transferred between two prokaryotic cells that are temporarily joined.
        
        DNA transfer is always one-way: One cell donates the DNA, and the other receives it.
        
        F factor - the DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient.
        
        may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
        
        F plasmid - The plasmid form of the F factor.
        R plasmids - A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics.