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Ch 19 & 27 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - like a rod
    - - a circle
    - - a spiral
  - - - under microscope, occur in clumps
    - - chains of bacteria
    - - circles in clumps together
      - streptobacillos
        
        rods in a chain
  - - - purple which means there is lots of peptidoglycan
    - - pink which means there is less peptidoglycan and it contains an outer membrane. More potent than gram positive
  - - - well defined
      - highly organized
      - more difficult to remove
      - prevents dehydration
    - - loose, not well organized structure
      - easy to remove
      - prevents dehydration
    - - capsule or slime layer made on structure
  - - - how DNA from one bacteria is transferred to another bacteria
      - typically just one structure and is longer that fimbriae
  - - - bacteria moves towards chemicals
    - - moves towards
    - - moves away
  - - - replication method of bacteria (asexual)
  - - - incorporating foreign DNA from the environment, can turn a bacteria that's neutral or harmful into a harmful or more potent bacteria
    - - touch, needs physical contact
      - ex: Bacteriophage
    - - the process though which DNA is transferred between tow prokaryotic cells
      - DNA transfer is always one way
      - requires use of sex pili
    - - if it attaches to one that is F- or does not have the sex pili it can result in F+ of all the DNA
      - OR
      - It could be HFr which is High frequent recombinant with enough DNA to make a sex pilus
        
        recombinant= more that one version of DNA
  - - - energy from the light
    - - energy from chemicals
    - - require oxygen as a source
    - - require organic nutrient to make other organic compounds
    - - requires oxygen
    - - presence of oxygen is harmful
    - - can be effective with or without oxygen
    - - nitrogen to ammonia
        
        heterocysts
      - changes Nitrogen to Ammonia and uses a structure called Heterocyst to do it
- - - - DNA or RNA; could be double stranded or single stranded
        
        ds= double stranded
        
        ss= single stranded
      - if it starts with RNA, it is called RETRO-VIRUS, which tends to be more lethal
        
        retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to copy their RNA genome into DNA
    - - made of smaller structures called capsomeres
    - - viral envelope
        
        made of host cell membrane; when they break through the cell, the virus goes through the membrane and is coated in in. It can then go into more cells because it is covered with the host cells membrane
  - - - shorter in duration
      - results in death of host cell
      - virulent phage-- only reproduces with the lytic cycle
      - when the cells start to burst
    - - longer in duration
      - results in replication of the virus without destroying the host celll
      - temperate- utilizes both lysogenic and lytic cycle to replicate
      - lies dormant
  - - - viral DNA that is integrated into the host genome (permenant)
  - - - local/region outbreak
    - - huge, worldwide outbreak