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Audrey Flores Period 3 Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Audrey Flores Period 3 Endocrine System
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
reproducation
growth and reproduction
maintenance of electrolytes, water, and nutrient balance of blood
regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
mobilization of body defenses
Compare and contrast steroid vs. non-steroid hormones and list the hormones for each category
Steroid-based hormones
synthesizes from cholesterol
gondal and adrenal hormones
lipid-soluble
though hormones circulate systemically only cells with receptors for that hormone affected
target cells: tissues w receptors for specific hormone
hormones alter target cell activity
hormones include: cortisol, corticosterone, aldosterone, testosterone, DHEA, estrogen, progesterone
Amino-acid based hormones
amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins
water-soluble
cell membrane receptor
hormones include: T3, T4, epinephrine, norepinephrine, melatonin, seratonin, insulin, glucagon
Homeostatic mechanisms of hormone regulation (negative and positive feedback)
Blood Sugar
glucagon increased blood sugar levels
insulin decreases blood sugar levels
Calcium
parathyroid hormone (PTH) increased calcium production
calcitonin decreases calcium production
Red Blood Cells
Erythropoietin (EPO) increase red blood cells
Water
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulate water control
Sodium
Aldosterone (ALDO) increase sodium production
Natriuteic peptides decrease sodium production
Inflammation
cortisol "stress hormone"
blood glucose helps with fat breakdown
Diseases associated with the Endocrine system
Diabetes
hyposecretion of insulin
cardinal sign: polyuria (huge urine output), polydipisin (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excess hunger and food consumption)
Hyperinsulinism
excessive insulin secretion
causes low blood glucose levels
Hypersecretion
crushing syndrome disease
depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system inhibits inflammation disrupts neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function
Hyposecretion
Addison's disease
usually involves deficits both in glucorticoids and mineralacorticoids
decrease plasma, glucose, and Na+ levels
weight loss, severe dehydration
Hypersecretion of GH
in children causes gigantism (reach heights of 8ft)
in adults results in acromegaly (overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
Hyposecretion of GH
in children results in pituitary dwarfism (height of 4ft)
in adults usually causes no problem
Major Endocrine glands/organs and their functions (separate by region/body cavity)
Include the hormones produced, their functions and target organs
Endocrine Glands
produce hormones
lack ducts
Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary gland
secrete two hormones that are amino based
secrete oxytocin which help with: uterine contraction during childbirth, hormonal trigger for milk ejection, positive feedback mechanisms, act as neurotransmitter in brain
secrete Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): targets kidney tubules to reabsorb more water or prevent urine formation, release triggered by pain low blood pressure and drugs, high concentration can cause vasoconstriction
Anterior Pituitary gland
all six hormones are peptide hormones
secrete growth hormone: has direct actions on metabolism and indirect growth-promoting actions
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid, inhibited by rising blood levels of thyroid hormones
Adrenocotropic hormone (ACTH): stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates milk production in females
Thyroid Gland
body's major metabolic hormone
found in two forms: T4(thyroxine). T3(triiodothyronine)
increase basal metabolic rate and heat production
regulates tissue growth and development
maintain blood pressure
help transport and regulate
Parathyroid Gland
secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
most important hormone in homeostasis
secreted in response to low blood levels of Ca2+
inhibited
stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix and release Ca2+ to blood
enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ and secretion of phosphate by kidneys
promotes activation of vitamin D by kidneys, which leads to increased absorption of Ca2+
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex
secrete gonadocorticoids (adrenal sex hormone)
weak androgens (male sex hormone) converted to testosterone in tissue cells some to estrogen
onset of puberty and appearance of secondary sex characteristics
sex drive in women
Adrenal Medulla
synthesize catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine
epinephrine stimulates metabolic activities
norepinephrine influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
Pineal Gland
secrete melatonin derived from seratonin
melatonin can affect sexual maturity, puberty, and day/night cycles
Uterus
secrete prostaglandin: critical for inflammation
Pancreas
secretes insulin: lower blood sugar level
secretes glucagon: increase blood sugar level
Thymus
secrete thymosins: regulate immune system
Ovary
secrete estrogen: regulate reproductive system
secrete progesterone to prepare uterus
Testis
secrete testosterone: drives sexual function
Hypothalamus
secrete dopamine: rewards and motivates brain