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Rita Garcia- Gonzalez The Endocrine Period: 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Produce hormones
        
        Lack ducts
        
        The Glands: Pituitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, and Pineal Glands
      - Pelvic Cavity
        
        2 more items...
        
        Abdominal Cavity
        
        4 more items...
        
        Thoracic Cavity
        
        Thymus
        
        Located in the upper thorax, it is large in children but shrinks with age
        
        It produces hormones like thymulin and thymosins involved in the development of T lymphocytes for the immune response
        
        Heart
        
        Though primarily a circulatory organ, it secretes Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) or natriuretic peptides, which help lower blood pressure and volume by signaling the kidneys to lose salt
        
        Brain
        
        Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis): Connected to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum
        
        Posterior Pituitary
        
        Stores and releases ADH (water reabsorption in kidneys) and oxytocin (uterine contractions and milk ejection)
        
        Anterior Pituitary
        
        Produces several critical hormones, including Growth Hormone (GH) for metabolism and growth, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for the adrenal cortex, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH) for reproductive functions, and Prolactin (PRL) for milk production
        
        Pineal Gland
        
        Located in the third ventricle of the brain, it secretes melatonin, which regulates sleep-wake cycles and the timing of sexual maturation
        
        Hypothalamus : Neurondocrine organ
        
        Serves as the bridge between the nervous and endocrine systems
        
        It regulates the pituitary gland by secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones
        
        It also synthesizes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        
        Neck
        
        Thyroid Gland
        
        A butterfly-shaped gland located on the anterior neck over the trachea
        
        It produces Thyroid Hormone (T3 and T4), the body’s primary metabolic hormone, and calcitonin, which can lower blood calcium levels at high doses
        .
        
        Parathyroid Gland
        
        Tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
        
        They secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH), the most important regulator of blood calcium levels
    - - Produce nonhormonal substances (Ex. sweat , saliva)
        
        Have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface
- - - - Reproduction
        
        Growth and Development
        
        Maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of blood
        
        Regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balanace
        
        Mobilization of body defenses
- - - - Thyroid Regulation: Falling levels of Thyroid Hormone (TH) stimulate the release of Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        . Once TH levels rise, they inhibit TSH secretion to prevent overproduction
        .
      - Metabolic and Stress Hormones: Growth Hormone (GH) and Cortisol are both regulated by feedback loops where rising levels of the hormone (or its products) inhibit the initial stimulating signal from the hypothalamus or pituitary gland
      - Calcium Homeostasis: When blood calcium levels fall, the parathyroid glands release Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) to stimulate bone breakdown and increase calcium
        . As calcium levels rise, they provide negative feedback to inhibit further PTH secretion
      - Blood Glucose Regulation: The pancreas monitors glucose levels. High blood sugar triggers the release of insulin to lower it, while low blood sugar triggers glucagon to raise it
    - - Milk Ejection: During nursing, the mechanical stimulus of a baby suckling triggers oxytocin release, which causes milk ejection. This process is also governed by a positive feedback loop
      - Labor and Childbirth: The hormone Oxytocin stimulates strong uterine contractions. The intensity of these contractions triggers the release of even more oxytocin, continuing until the baby is born
- - - - Cannot cross the plasma membrane
    - - Bind to receptors on the cell surface (plasma membrane)
    - - Water-soluble (polar/hydrophilic)
    - - Usually act through second-messenger systems (e.g., cAMP)
    - - Derivatives of amino acids, peptides, or proteins
    - - Thyroid hormone is amino acid-based but behaves like a steroid by binding to intracellular receptors
  - - - Can diffuse directly through the plasma membrane
    - - Bind to intracellular receptors (often in the nucleus)
    - - Lipid-soluble (non-polar)
    - - Trigger direct gene activation and transcription
    - - Synthesized from cholesterol
    - - N/A