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Coinage and Politics in the Late Republic, Screenshot 2026-05-05 at 17.49…

- - - - silver denarius
      - date: 135 BC
      - obverse, Roma helmeted and facing right
      - reverse: spiral column with Aeolic capital, with a togate statue on the column, and figures either side
      - this likely refers to a public monument and family memory, turning the coin into a portable political image
- - - - silver denarius
      - date: 101 BC
      - obverse: helmeted Roma
      - reverse: triumphator in quadriga, rider holds a laurel branch and a staff
      - inscription: C. FVNDAN - C. Fundanius denarius
      - this reverse design likely refers to a triumph, probably connected with Marius' victories over the Cimbri and Teutones
- - - - Silver Italian denarius
      - obverse: Laureate head of Italia with legend ITALIA
      - reverse: oath-taking scene, two groups of warriors face each other, a kneeling figure sacrifices a pig
      - struck on the Roman standard
      - here the rebels copied Roman monetary form but replaced Roman imagery with Italian collective identity
- - - - silver denarius
      - 32-31 BC
      - obverse: ship facing right. Legend ANT AVG
      - reverse: aquila between two standards, LEG X below
      - names a specific legion LEG X, struck at a mobile mint moving with Mark Antony
    - - Antony's legionary denarii still made up 1/5th of the denarius population as late as Vespasian's reign
- - - - obverse: veiled female head with legend C CAESAR COS TER
      - reverse: lituus, jug, axe with legend A HIRTIVS PR
      - date: 46 BC
    - - likely for practical reasons: paying his army
    - - Woytek makes the point that Caesar laid the foundations of imperial coinage in all three metals: gold aurei, silver denarii, and brass coinage
      - dont give all the credit to Augustus