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The Julio-Claudians - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Reigned 27 BC - 14 AD
      - Great nephew and adopted son of Caesar
    - - Reigned 14 AD - 37 AD
      - Stepson and adopted son of Augustus
    - - Reigned 37 AD - 41 AD
      - Great nephew and adopted son of Tiberius; great grandson of Augustus
    - - Reigned 41 AD - 54 AD
      - Uncle of Caligula; nephew of Tiberius
    - - Reigned 54 AD - 68 AD
      - Great nephew, stepson, and adopted son of Claudius; great great grandson of Augustus
  - - - Effective
      - Hummane
      - Careful
    - - Brutal
      - Perverted
      - Suspicious
    - - Psychopath
      - Arrogant
      - Cruel
    - - Pedantic
      - Ineffective
      - Easily manipulated
    - - Narcissist
      - Debauched
      - Unscrupulous
  - - - Leaving a physical mark on Rome
      - Expects to be joined by his family and descendants
      - Counting on being the founder of a dynasty
        
        Augustus was deeply concerned with ensuring his descendants succeeded him/ succession
    - - Marcus Claudius Marcellus
        
        Died 23 BC, aged 18
        
        Married Augustus' daughter, Julia
        
        Augustus' nephew and son-in-law
      - Marcus Agrippa
        
        Augustus' general and son-in-law
        
        Died 12 BC
        
        Married Augustus' daughter, Julia and had 3 sons together
      - Gaius and Lucius Caesar
        
        Augustus' grandsons and adopted sons (sons of Agrippa)
        
        Lucius died 2 AD; Gaius died 4 AD
        
        Granted titles 'leaders of the youth'
        
        Coin of Augustus depicted Gaius and Lucius Caesar as consul designate and leaders of the youth
      - Tiberius Nero
        
        Augustus' stepson, son-in-law, and adopted son
        
        Married Augustus' daughter, Julia
        
        Coin of Augustus featuring Tiberius
        
        The one successful in succeeding Augustus !!
      - Agrippa Postumus
        
        Grandson and adopted son of Augustus
        
        Died 14 AD
        
        3rd son of Agrippa and Julia
    - - Instructions for his funeral
      - List of achievements (to be inscribed in bronze outside his mausoleum)
      - An account of the entire empire
        
        How he is remembered
        
        A template for how to be a successful emperor
    - - Just as Augustus attempted to give his successors credit by putting them on his coins
  - - - Tacitus is critical of imperial rule as a political rule
        
        BUT, here, Augustus comes out of his work relatively unscathed
      - 'Opposition there was none'
      - 'A cheerful acceptance of slavery'
    - - Somewhat continuity of the republic
      - 'Few indeed were left who had seen the Republic'
        
        Augustus had lasted so long he was now accepted
      - The Republic had been wiped out
  - - - 26
        
        Tiberius takes over
        
        He makes a deliberate show of continuity with Augustus
        
        He accepted only few modest honours
        
        Refused temples to be put up to himself in Rome
        
        Does not claim divinity
        
        Refused the month of September named after him
        
        Augustus, however, had accepted this (August)
        
        Refused Augustus' title pater patriae
        
        Adopted the same strategies as Augustus but goes even further
      - 30
        
        'Even introduced some appearance of a free state'
        
        Maintained the facade of Augustus
      - 41
        
        'Threw of all concern for public affairs'
        
        Makes no appointments in the army or governors
        
        Allows Roman territory to be invaded
        
        'Great was the disgrace to the empire and no less great the danger'
      - 47
        
        'Completed no public works of any splendour'
        
        'Gave no games'
        
        Abandoned the template of Augustus
        
        The empire begins to fall into disgrace and danger
  - - - 15
        
        Gave Tiberius a splendid funeral
        
        Family values
        
        Had his mother and brothers placed in the Mausoleum of Augustus
      - 16
        
        Initially presents himself as being a constitutional ruler
        
        Is Augustan in opposition to Tiberius
      - 18
        
        Games; theatre --> model of Augustus
      - 21
        
        'Completed some public works'
      - 22
        
        'Caligula the Monster'
        
        Took on new titles
        
        'He declared "Let there be on Lord, one King"'
        
        Lays 'claims to the magister of a God'
  - - - 11-12
        
        'He considered it most important to expunge all memory of the two days during which the restoration of the republic had been contemplated'
      - 20
        
        Undertook many public works
        
        Gone further than Augustus
        
        HOWEVER, for show
        
        Publicity value
      - 21
        
        'Provided a large number of splendid shows ... Secular Games'
      - 29
        
        'At the mercy of these free-men and by his wives'
  - - - 18
        
        Fails to maintain parallel of Augustus
        
        Abolished the old names of many things and places
      - 55
        
        Planned to change the name of Rome to 'Neroneus'
- - - - After the great fire of 44 AD, rumours circulated that Nero had started the fire and persecuted Christians as scapegoats
      - Nero's persecution was cruel and excessive, creating sympathy for the Christians, rather than support for Nero
  - - - Otho was to be called Nero --> a positive thing
        
        'He was hailed by the lowest of the common people as Nero'
      - Otho 'permitted portraits and statues of Nero to be restored'
    - - 'Made funeral offerings to Nero ... When the man started playing some of Nero's songs, he was the first to applaud'
    - - 'Trajan declared all other emperors fell behind Nero's five years'
    - - Two sides
        
        Some believed Nero's death freed Rime, and others who refused to accept dis death
    - - Many claimed Nero was still alive and many wanted him to be
  - - - 'The hatred of all was aroused against him'
  - - - Suetonius came from a senatorial background and this wrote of him negatively
      - Went out of his way to disrespect the senate
      - 'He would never kiss any of the senate nor even return their greetings' Suetonius, Nero 37
    - - Extracts Suetonius' Nero gives no citation of sources, relying on 'heresy'
      - Suetonius also gives judgement of sources without giving evidence as to why he reaches these judgements (e.g. 'reported by quite good authorities' Suetonius, Nero, 34 - but who?)
      - Some of what Suetonius writes begins to sound like lurid fantasy rather than truth (eg. Suetonius, Nero, 29)
    - - 'Insolence, lust, luxury, greed, and cruelty' Suetonius, Nero, 26
      - The Great Fire of Rome, 44 AD
        
        Chance
        
        Tacitus (Annals, 15.38) even suggests a possibility it was an accident
        
        Nero
        
        Deliberative arson in order to rich himself (Suetonius, Nero 38)
        
        BUT after the fire, Nero built Rome in a way to prevent future fires using his own wealth
  - - - Suetonius tells us Nero acted in ways of Julius Caesar, who had nowhere near as abad a reputation as Nero
        
        Nero was unique in much of his actions
        
        Chariot displays
        
        Gladiatorial games
        
        Animal shows
    - - Suetonius also tells us of how Nero can be seen to have modelled himself on the rule of Augustus
        
        Reduces tax
        
        Gives handouts
        
        Provides salaries to senators who had lost their fortune
        
        Distributes grain
        
        Closes gates to temple of Janus
        
        Produced similar coins as Augustus
        
        Maintained the republic to some extent (Tacitus, Annals, 13.28)
        
        Was going to name a month after himself (as Caesar and Augustus had)
        
        His public amenities, such as bathhouses, were appreciated
        
        Domus Aurea - suitable magnificence to match hesitates? --> to be sympathetic
        
        Tacitus, Annals, 15.42 - Nero was extravagant but not in a vulgar way; this building goes against nature but nonetheless was an incredible demonstration of architecture and innovation
  - - - Trying to redefine rule as a deliberate policy
    - - Appeasing to the people at the expense of the senate
        
        'Widespread delight' Suetonius, Nero, 10
      - 'These and similar professions were much to the taste of the populace with its passion for amusements' Tacitus, Annals, 15.36
    - - A new kind of model for the empire inclusive of far-away inhabitants
      - 'Established a five-yearly competition, in the Greek manner Suetonius, Nero, 12
      - Sang
      - Victories in the theatre
      - 'He fixed upon Naples as a Greek city' Tacitus, Annals, 15.33
      - Wore a Greek cloak
      - Juxtaposition of Greek and Roman culture --> a new imperial model ?
    - - Refused to address the Roman army Suetonius, Nero, 25
      - Limited expansion under his rule
      - 'Not always in recognition of military achievement' Suetonius, Nero, 15
      - Perhaps expands the notion of Roman glory to consider other values
- - - - Becomes surfeit consul in 97 AD
      - Begins writing in 98 AD, composing Agricola
      - Becomes proconsul of Asia, 112-113 AD
  - - - Subscribe to the values of the Roman Senators
        
        Rather than invoking their own culture into their politics
        
        Their identity becomes Roman
        
        Elite education
      - Primary aim was to succeed high political offices and engaged in intellectual pursuits
        
        Eg. historiography / other literary production
  - - - 'I cannot deny that I owe the launching of your career to Vespasian...'
        
        '... but those who lay claim to unbiased accuracy must speak of no man with either hatred or affection' Tacitus, Histories, 1.1-3
    - - Tacitus was so successful under such a bad emperor
        
        88 AD --> praetor
        
        97 AD --> suffect consul
      - Wrote of men under Domitian who were punished and killed for offensive texts commemorating members of the Stoic circle Tacitus, Agricola 2
      - Makes explicit that even nuder bad emperors you can still have good men who do good deeds
        
        Eg. Agricola as a good senator (Tacitus, Agricola 42)
    - - Wrote....
        
        Agricola and Germania, 98 AD
        
        Agricola: biography of Tacitus' father-in-law, governor of Britain
        
        Germania: ethnographical treatise
        
        Dialogus, 102 AD
        
        Dialogue on the art of rhetoric, and why oratory has changed
        
        Histories, 100-110
        
        Probably 12 books
        
        Covers 69-96 AD
        
        First 4 and 1/4 survive
        
        Annals, 114-120s
        
        18 books
        
        Covers 14-68 AD
        
        Most survives but not the end
  - - - Portrays the Brits as a mixture of people who have been conquered and those who had not
      - Positions these people as able to be civilised and valuable/attainable
      - 'They are reduced to subjection, not as yet to slavery' Tacitus, Agricola, 13
        
        As long as Roman rule is measured, the Brits will accept Roman rule, but as soon asst becomes oppressive, they will grow unhappy
      - Encouraged the British to adopt elements of Roman life and to build temples
        
        'Step by step they led to things which dispose to vice, the lounge, the bath, the eloquent banquets. All of this was in their ignorance, they called civilisation, when it was but a part of their servitude' Tacitus, Agricola 21
  - - - The emperor Domitian had campaigned in Germany and celebrated his military achievements
      - The emperor Trajan spent the first 12 years of his reign in the Rhine frontier, but did not launch war against the Germans
      - Tacitus argues Domitian had not conquered the Germans like he claims
      - Celebrated on coins
    - - 'They marriage code, however, is strict and indeed no part of their manners is more praiseworthy' Tacitus, Germania 18-19
  - - - Widely red by contemporaries
  - - - Stresses importance of senators
      - Augustus as a sovereign
    - - Problems no longer discussed in the senate, but in private
      - Important issues nom longer judged in the public eye
    - - Judges emperors based on personalities, and whether they allow for a working relationship with the Senate
    - - 'Livia ... was flattered a great deal by the senate'
        
        Critical of women growing in positions
    - - Critical of the army
    - - At the beginning of new regime, he is cautious
      - He more freely expresses the faults if emperor later on