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Conditioning and Learning - Coggle Diagram
Conditioning and Learning
How we learn
Learning:
is not just the intellectual practice we often imagine it to be
Can also be reflexive / responsive process that is constantly happening
Can happen even when we're not aware of it, called incidental learning
Our behavior is constantly being altered by our experience. Also a crucial form of learning
Classical Conditioning
one of the fundamental ways we learn about the world - It is a theory of learning, but can also be seen as a theory of identity itself
How we learn by association, often without even realizing it
types of responses
Occurs when:
Neutral stimuli are associated with psychologically significant events
Examples:
Perfume (Neutral Stimulus) was associated with the psychologically significant event of presence of a loved one
Police car (Neutral Stimulus) was associated with possibility of tickets
Unconditioned Stimulus: Neutral stimulus
The smell of cookies makes you hungry
Unconditioned Response: Natural response
Feeling hungry at the smell of cookies
Conditioned Stimulus: "Paired" Stimulus that is naturally unimportant to the organism
Sound of opening a can of tuna makes cat turn head to kitchen
Conditioned Response: Learned response
Cats running to the can of tuna when opened
Cookies are unconditioned Stimulus because without any training or teaching this stimulus produces an unconditioned response - It naturally or instinctively makes you feel hungry
Opening of a can is a conditioned Stimulus because it had no importance to the cat until it was paired with a stimulus that did have importance (food) - when cat runs to you for food at the sound of can opening, thats the conditioned response
Pavlov's experiment
Originally
Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) -> No response
Unconditioned Stimulus (Meat) -> Unconditioned Response (Salivating)
Many Trials
Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) : Unconditioned Stimulus (Meat) -> Unconditioned Response (Salivating)
Eventually
Conditioned Stimulus (Bell) -> Conditioned Response (Salivating)
Extinction and Blocking
Extinction
After conditioning: CS (Bell) -> CR (Salivating)
Many Trials: CS (Bell) : US removed (No Meat)
Eventually: CS (Bell) -> Nothing (Extinction)
Extinction takes significantly longer.
Spontaneous recovery could also occur after extinction which evokes a response on conditioned stimulus
Blocking: Occurs when a previous association prevents another association from being formed
Operant Conditioning
Occurs when a behavior is associated with significant event / consequences of the behavior
Example:
Rat learns to press a lever in a box in the lab when lever-pressing produces food pellets.
The behavior is an "operant" because it operated on the environment and is "instrumental" in making the food appear
Studying how consequences influence voluntary behavior: the rat must choose to press the lever
Classical conditioning is about involuntary behavior: the dog just drools
Reinforcements increase behavior
Punishers decrease behavior
3 things to know:
Responses can occur under stimulus control
Operant Conditioning involves choice
Reinforcers are not made equal
Observational Learning
Attention: is the observer focused on the task being learned?
Retention: is the observer able to retain the information in memory?
Initiation: can the observer perform the learned task?
Motivation: does the observer want to perform the learned task?