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Modes of medication delivery - Coggle Diagram

- - - - rapid onset
      - not subject to firstpass inactivation
    - - drugs must be easily absorbed from oral mucosa
      - amount of drug limited
    - - nitroglycerin
      - Buccal is similar to sublingual
  - - - alternative to oral route when patient unconscious or vomiting
      - local effect on rectal tissues (hemorrhoids, anal fissure, etc.)
    - - poor or incomplete absorption
      - chance of rectal irritation
    - - laxatives
      - suppository forms of other drugs
  - - - easy, safe, convenient, most common
    - - limited or erratic absorption of some drugs (unpredictable)
      - stomach irritation, vomiting, damage to stomach mucosa
      - Chance of firstpass inactivation in liver ("first pass effect")
    - - analgesics
      - sedative-hypnotics
- - - - advantages
        
        rapid entry into bloodstream
        
        direct application for respiratory disorders
        
        large surface area for systemic absorption
      - disadvantages
        
        chance of tissue irritation
        
        patient compliance sometimes a problem
      - examples
        
        general anesthetics
        
        antiasthmatic agents
    - - advantages
        
        provides more direct administration to target tissues
        
        rapid onset
      - disadvantages
        
        chance of infection if sterility is not maintained
      - examples
        
        insulin
        
        antibiotics
        
        anaticancer drugs
        
        narcotic analgesics
      - types
        
        IV (into veins, quick and know how much is being delivered to you)
        
        Intra-arterial (through artery, chemotherapy)
        
        Subcutaneous (SC) (local response or slow systemic circulation, insulin injection, into stomach, etc.)
        
        Intramuscular (IM) (botulinum toxin for spasticity, into muscle)
        
        Intrathecal (within a sheath, spinal subarachnoid space, epidural, etc.)
    - - advantages
        
        local effects on surface of skin
      - disadvantages
        
        only effective in treating outer layers of skin
      - examples
        
        antibiotic ointments
        
        creams used to treat minor skin irritation and injury
    - - advantages
        
        introduces drug into body without breaking the skin
        
        can provide steady
        
        prolonged delivery via medicated patch
      - disadvantages
        
        drug must be able to pass through dermal layers intact
      - examples
        
        nitroglycerin
        
        motion sickness medications
        
        drugs used with phonophoresis and iontophoresis