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Sarahy Reyes-Copalcua - P3- Endocrine System - Coggle Diagram
Sarahy Reyes-Copalcua - P3- Endocrine System
Major Functions of the Endocrine System
Growth and Development:
Controls body growth, cell reproduction, and development through hormones like growth hormone and thyroid hormones that help bones, muscles, and organs grow properly.
Metabolism and Energy Balance:
Regulates how the body uses nutrients and produces energy. Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate, while insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels for energy use.
Reproduction:
Controls sexual development, gamete production, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, and sex hormones through hormones like estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH.
Water and Electrolyte Balance:
Maintains proper fluid levels and balances sodium, potassium, and calcium through hormones like ADH, aldosterone, calcitonin, and PTH.
Stress Response:
Helps the body react to stress through cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine by increasing blood glucose, heart rate, and blood pressure.
Homeostasis/Body Balance:
Keeps internal conditions stable by regulating hormone levels through feedback mechanisms.
Body Defenses:
Supports immune responses and protects the body through hormones produced by the thymus and stress-related hormones.
Major Endocrine Glands/Organs + Hormones + Functions
Hypothalamus:
Links the nervous system and endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland through releasing and inhibiting hormones. It also produces ADH and oxytocin.
Pituitary Gland (Master Gland)
Anterior Pituitary:
Releases GH (stimulates growth of bones and muscles), TSH (stimulates thyroid hormone release), ACTH (stimulates adrenal cortex), FSH and LH (control reproductive functions and sex hormone production), and prolactin (stimulates milk production).
Posterior Pituitary:
Stores and releases ADH (targets kidneys to increase water reabsorption and reduce urine production) and oxytocin (stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection).
Thyroid Gland:
Produces T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism, growth, heat production, and blood pressure. It also releases calcitonin to lower blood calcium levels.
Parathyroid Glands:
Release PTH to increase blood calcium levels by targeting bones, kidneys, and intestines.
Adrenal Glands:
The adrenal cortex produces aldosterone (regulates sodium/water balance), cortisol (helps manage stress and blood glucose), and gonadocorticoids (sex hormones). The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine for fight-or-flight responses.
Pineal Gland:
Produces melatonin to regulate sleep cycles, body rhythms, and puberty timing.
Pancreas:
Releases insulin to lower blood glucose and glucagon to raise blood glucose.
Ovaries:
Produce estrogen and progesterone to regulate female reproductive development, menstrual cycles, and pregnancy.
Testes:
Produce testosterone for male reproductive development and sperm production.
Placenta:
Produces estrogen, progesterone, and hCG to support pregnancy.
Other Endocrine Organs:
The heart releases ANP to lower blood pressure, kidneys release erythropoietin for red blood cell production, adipose tissue releases leptin for appetite control, the GI tract releases digestive hormones, the skeleton releases osteocalcin, and the thymus supports immune development.
Steroid vs Non-Steroid Hormones
Steroid Hormones:
Made from cholesterol, lipid-soluble, enter cells directly, and bind to intracellular receptors. Examples include cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Non-Steroid Hormones:
Amino acid-based, water-soluble, bind to membrane receptors, and use second messenger systems. Examples include insulin, glucagon, ADH, oxytocin, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH.
Hormone Regulation/ Homeostasis
Negative Feedback:
Most common form of regulation where rising hormone levels stop further release. Examples include thyroid hormone regulation, insulin/glucagon regulation, and calcium regulation through PTH/calcitonin.
Positive Feedback:
Increases hormone release until a process is complete. Examples include oxytocin during childbirth and breastfeeding.
Stimuli for Hormone Release:
Includes humoral stimuli (blood changes), neural stimuli (nerve signals), and hormonal stimuli (other hormones).
Diseases/ Disorders
Diabetes Mellitus:
Caused by low insulin production (Type 1) or insulin resistance (Type 2), leading to high blood glucose levels. Common symptoms include excessive thirst, hunger, frequent urination, fatigue, and possible damage to organs if untreated.
Diabetes Insipidus:
Caused by a deficiency of ADH or the kidneys not responding properly to ADH, resulting in excessive urine production, dehydration, and intense thirst.
Gigantism/Acromegaly:
Caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone (GH). Gigantism occurs in children before growth plates close, causing extreme height, while acromegaly occurs in adults and causes enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial bones.
Pituitary Dwarfism:
Caused by hyposecretion of GH during childhood, leading to short stature with normal body proportions.
Hypothyroidism/Myxedema:
Caused by low thyroid hormone levels, leading to a slow metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and feeling cold. Severe adult hypothyroidism is called myxedema.
Cushing’s Syndrome:
Caused by excessive cortisol levels due to tumors or overuse of corticosteroid medications. Symptoms include high blood glucose, weakened immune function, “moon face,” and “buffalo hump.”
Addison’s Disease:
Caused by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production from the adrenal cortex. Symptoms include low blood pressure, dehydration, weight loss, weakness, and darkening/bronzing of the skin.