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Ch 53-54 - Coggle Diagram
Ch 53-54
Ch 54 Community Ecology
Community basics
Community = many populations
Species diversity = richness + abundance
Niche = species role
Fundamental niche = possible role
Realized niche = actual role
Community interactions
Competition = - / -
Predation = + / -
Herbivory = + / -
Parasitism = + / -
Mutualism = + / +
Commensalism = + / 0
Defenses
Camouflage
Mimicry
Warning colors
Chemicals
Thorns
Trophic structure
Producers = plants / algae
Primary consumers = herbivores
Secondary consumers = carnivores
Tertiary consumers = top predators
Decomposers = fungi / bacteria
Food webs
Food chain = simple path
Food web = many paths
Energy lost as heat
Trophic levels = feeding positions
Important species
Keystone species = big effect
Dominant species = most common
Ecosystem engineers = change habitat
Examples = sea otter / beaver
Disturbance
Fire / flood / storm / humans
Intermediate disturbance = highest diversity
Primary succession = no soil
Secondary succession = soil remains
Biogeography
Tropics = high diversity
Poles = low diversity
Climate = temperature / rainfall / sunlight
Species-area = bigger area = more species
Islands = size + distance matter
Pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Crowding spreads disease
Zoonotic = animal to human
Ch 53 Population Ecology
Population basics
Population = same species
Density = individuals per area
Dispersion = clumped / uniform / random
Change = births / deaths / immigration / emigration
Demographics
Life tables = survival by age
Survivorship = Type I / II / III
Type I = humans
Type II = squirrels
Type III = oysters
Reproductive tables = offspring by age
Growth models
Exponential = J curve
Logistic = S curve
Carrying capacity = K
Overshoot = pass K / crash
Life history
Semelparity = reproduce once
Iteroparity = reproduce many times
r-selected = many offspring / little care
K-selected = few offspring / more care
Population regulation
Density-dependent = crowding effects
Competition
Predation
Disease
Density-independent = weather/disasters
Fire / storms / drought
Human population
Age structure
Demographic transition
Ecological footprint