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Ecology Part 2 Ch 53-54 - Coggle Diagram
Ecology Part 2 Ch 53-54
Ch 53 Population Ecology
Population basics
Population = same species
Density = individuals per area
Dispersion patterns
Clumped
Uniform
Random
Population change
Births
Deaths
Immigration
Emigration
Demographics
Life tables
Survival by age
Death rates
Survivorship curves
Type I = humans
Type II = squirrels
Type III = oysters
Reproductive tables
Offspring by age
Predict growth
Growth models
Exponential growth
J-shaped curve
Unlimited resources
Fast increase
Logistic growth
S-shaped curve
Limited resources
Carrying capacity K
Overshoot
Passes K
Crash possible
Life history
Semelparity
Reproduce once
Many offspring
Example: salmon
Iteroparity
Reproduce many times
Fewer offspring
Example: humans
r-selected
Many offspring
Little care
Fast maturity
K-selected
Few offspring
More care
Slow maturity
Population regulation
Density-dependent
Competition
Predation
Disease
Crowding
Density-independent
Fire
Storms
Drought
Floods
Human population
Age structure
Demographic transition
Ecological footprint
Ch 54 Community Ecology
Community basics
Many populations
Same area
Species interactions
Species diversity
Richness = number species
Relative abundance = how common
Niche
Fundamental niche = possible role
Realized niche = actual role
Community interactions
Competition
Shared resources
Competitive exclusion
Resource partitioning
Predation
Predator eats prey
Prey defenses
Camouflage
Mimicry
Warning colors
Herbivory
Animal eats plant
Plant defenses
Thorns
Chemicals
Symbiosis
Parasitism = + / -
Mutualism = + / +
Commensalism = + / 0
Trophic structure
Producers
Plants
Algae
Consumers
Primary = herbivores
Secondary = carnivores
Tertiary = top predators
Decomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Food chains/webs
Food chain = simple path
Food web = many paths
Important species
Keystone species
Dominant species
Ecosystem engineers
Community control
Top-down control
Predators control below
Trophic cascade
Bottom-up control
Resources control above
Producers support consumers
Disturbance and succession
Disturbance
Fire
Flood
Storm
Human activity
Intermediate disturbance
Medium disturbance
Highest diversity
Primary succession
No soil
Pioneer species
Slow start
Secondary succession
Soil remains
Faster recovery
Biogeography
Latitude
Tropics = high diversity
Poles = low diversity
Climate
Temperature
Rainfall
Sunlight
Species-area
Bigger area
More species
Island biogeography
Large island = more species
Near mainland = more immigration
Pathogens
Pathogen types
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Community effects
Reduce populations
Change interactions
Change food webs
Spread factors
Crowding
Travel
Animal contact
Big connections
Population ecology
One species
Growth
Density
Community ecology
Many species
Interactions
Food webs
Competition
Limits population
Shapes niches
Predation
Controls population
Trophic cascades
Disturbance
Changes populations
Starts succession