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chapter 53, (Chapter 54) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - clumped → resources grouped
      - uniform → territorial spacing
      - random → unpredictable
    - - age structure → affects growth
      - survival rates → life expectancy
  - - - Type I → low early death, high late death
      - Type II → constant death rate
      - Type III → high early death, low later death
- - - - r-selected → many offspring, low care
      - K-selected → few offspring, high care
- - - - competition, predation, disease
    - - weather, natural disasters
- - - - predation (+/-) → predator benefits, prey harmed
      - herbivory (+/-) → animal eats plants
      - parasitism (+/-) → parasite benefits, host harmed
      - mutualism (+/+) → both benefit
      - commensalism (+/0) → one benefits, other unaffected
      - competition (-/-) → both species harmed
    - - role of species in ecosystem
    - - two species cannot occupy same niche
- - - - fire, storms, human activity
    - - moderate disturbance → highest diversity
    - - primary → no soil present
      - secondary → soil remains
- - - - species richness depends on island size and distance
    - - balance between immigration and extinction