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ecology 2 - Coggle Diagram
ecology 2
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community ecology
trophic levels
shannon diversity index is used to calculate diversity based on species richness and relative abundance
the trophic structure is the transfer of energy from one species to another. often a food chain. the position an organism sits in the food chain is its trophic level. built from primary producers(plants), primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, and quaternary consumers
a food web is different and better when considering relationships in a community and how it all interacts.
food chain length is limited as energetic hypothesis suggests that the length of the chain is limited by the inefficiency of energy transfer along the chain, as only about 10 percent of the energy stored is transferred to the next level
foundation species have strong effects on their communities due to high abundance or population size. when a foundation species is removed, the whole food web can be destroyed
oppositely, a keystone species are not usually abundant but do possess a strong control on the community structure by their ecological role.
bottom up control is when nutrient supply is limited by the amount of food available at lower levels of the trophic level, limiting the abundance of organisms at a higher level
top down control is when the abundance of organisms at high levels control the amount of organisms at lower levels
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community interaction
defensive adaptations
mechanical defense, porcupine quills to harm predators
chemical defense, skunk smell wards off predators by being stinky
aposematic coloration, poison dart frogs have cool colorations that are meant to signify to other animals they are dangerous
cryptic coloration, tree frogs camouflage to blend in with their habitat
batesian mimicry, harmless snakes having the same patterns of deadly snakes to ward of predators
mullerian mimicry, two unpalatable species mimic each other
competition between the same species for resources or the same area of land, seen in density dependent regulations
closely related allopatric and sympatric species highlight this competition as one species is forced to move to a different structure due to lack of resources
parasitism can be endo or ecto parasitic, eventually killing their host by slowly harming it
positive interactions
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commensalism is an interaction that benefits only one of the interacting species but does not harm the other in any way