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Chapter 53 / 54 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 53 / 54
Population Ecology
- study of how populations change over time and space.
Population - a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
Dispersion - pattern of spacing among the individuals within that area
Clumped - (humans) individuals gather in a group
Uniform - (penguins) Evenly spaced out
Random - (plants) spacing in unpredictable
density - number of individuals in the same area
population size - how many individuals are in a population , this differs from density due to the fact it covers a larger area .
Reproductive Strategies
Population Regulation - how population size is controlled
Top- down regulation - population is mostly controlled by predators
Bottom - up regulation - population is controlled by food and resources
Semelparity - reproduce one time and then die (salmon)
Iteroparity - reproduce many times (humans)
Population
Growth - how populations increase or decrease
exponential - pop. Grows rapidly when resources are unlimited
**
S- SHAPED CURVE
Logistic - Population growth slows as resources become limited
*
J - SHAPED CURVE
Carrying Capacity - Maximum population size an environment can support
Limiting Factors - things that slow population growth
Density-Dependent Factors - become stronger as population density increases
5 major
competition, disease spread, toxic build up, traffic & crime , territoriality
Density - Independent Factors - Affect population no matter how crowded they are. ——— (Natural Disasters)
K-Selection - stable environments near carrying capacity (humans)
Traits: few offspring , more parental care, longer lifespan , larger body size, slower development
R-Selection - unstable environments near carrying w/ rapid growth (insects)
Traits: many offspring, little to no parental care, small body size, short lifespan , faster development
Demography - study of an areas birth rates, death rates, and age structure
Survivorship Curves-
A plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality.
Type I - (humans) high survival early in life, death mostly in old age
Type ll - (Birds) constant death rate
Type lll - (plants) high death rates early in life , few survive to adulthood
Community Ecology - study of how different species interact in the same area.
Community - all the populations of different species living together
Species Diversity - how evenly they are spread
Keystone species - species that have a huge impact on the community
removing these species change everything
:
Species Richness - # of different species
Relative Abundance - how common or rare each species is
Species Interactions - how species affect each other
Predator Adaptations
- things that help predators catch prey - claws, speed, venom, etc .
Prey Defenses - help prey avoid being eaten
Disturbances - events that change a community
Ecological succession - how communities change over time.*
Primary succession - the starting point
Secondary Succession - happens where life existed before . Example after a devastation flood or fire
Climax Community - Long Lasting Stable Community
FIRE, STORMS, FLOODS, HUMAN ACTIVITY
mechanical defenses - shells and spines ( porcupine)
Chemical Defenses - Toxins (Skunk)
Warning Coloration - bright colors that signal danger (red, orange, yellow)
Mimicry - looks like a harmful species (
Thaumoctopus mimicus* )
Mutualistic ( + /+ ) both benefit
ex. Bees and flowers
Competition (- / -) both species are harmed
intraspecific & interspecific where two species CANNOT occupy the same niche . One will outcompete the other
Exploitation
Predation (+/-) one species eats the other
endò and ecto when adding parasitism
Commensalism (+/ 0) one benefits and the other unaffected
ex. Birds and trees
Foundation Species - species that build or shape the environment
provide habitat for others
like a coral reef
Dominant Species - most abundant species in a community .
Dominance = highest biomass
